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Influence of working memory on school achievement in primary school age children
Vojtová, Vendula ; Páchová, Anna (advisor) ; Vozková, Anna (referee)
This final thesis primarily focuses on the influence of working memory to school achievement of younger school age children, using tests for working and short-term memory and also didactic tests focusing on mathematics and czech language. Main goal of the study is to analyze the relationship between working memory level and school achievement of younger school age children who visit regular primary school. Another goal of the study is to analyze the outcome of the tests (didactic and memory). Last but not least of goals is to analyze theory of working memory from authors Baddeley and Hitch. Theoretical part includes information about variables which are related to subject of matter. There is a chapter about memory, working memory, intelligence, school achievement and executive functions. Analytical part includes methodology of research, which has been done like quantitative type of research. We used working and short-term memory tests, which included the Rey-Osterrieth complex figure, Coding and Repeating numbers from WISC-III, Memory for sentences and Memory for beads from Stanford-Binet intelligence scale and Raven progressive matrices. We also used outcomes from mathematics and czech language didactic tests. We used IBM SPSS programme for statistical analysis, specifically correlation analysis,...
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Efficiency of working memory training
Milichovská, Petra ; Páchová, Anna (advisor) ; Pavelková, Isabella (referee)
This thesis concentrates on verification of efficiency of the program NBack Campaign, destined for working memory training, and continues the evaluation of the author of the program Anna Páchová. Our research has continued in the tradition of the evaluation of programs destined for training of cognitive functions. We have decided to use design pretest, training part and retest in our research. Based on the analyse of literature we concluded, that the research of working memory of children at the age between 10 and 18 years is peripheral issue and appears just in studies of the development of working memory. For this reason we decided to include 26 children from eight-year grammar school. We wanted to check, how they would respond on the programm and how the training would affect them. Our research was realized during three months and the research sample was reduced during that time. Following analysis of collected data has confirmed the statistically important shift in tasks children have trained in. Transfer into other tasks has not been shown. That is why we have decided to devote our time to individual pupils and their special characteristics. Keywords: Cognitive training, working memory, Nback Campaign, n-back task, spatial matrix, transfer
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Využití pracovní paměti v procesu simultánního tlumočení
Timarová, Šárka ; Čeňková, Ivana (advisor) ; Hodáková, Soňa (referee) ; Pöchhocker, Franz (referee)
Šárka Timarová: Pracovní paměť v konferenčním simultánním tlumočení disertační práce Abstrakt Tato disertační práce se zaměřuje na otázku zapojení pracovní paměti v procesu konferenčního tlumočení. Pracovní paměť je pro simultánní tlumočení považována za klíčový kognitivní mechanismus, ale toto tvrzení zatím nebylo významně empiricky podloženo. Předkládaná studie vychází z teoretické literatury jak v oblasti tlumočení, tak v oblasti kognitivní psychologie. Analýza publikovaných empirických prací ukázala několik mezer v současném bádání, a to především skutečnost, že výzkum se dosud soustředil pouze na některé funkce pracovní paměti (především funkce paměťové) a na testování osob bez tlumočnické praxe či s praxí omezenou (studenti tlumočení). Předkládaná studie pojímá pracovní paměť šířeji se zvláštním zřetelem k funkcím řídícím, které úzce souvisejí s pozorností, a dále se zaměřuje výlučně na profesionální tlumočníky. Podstatou studie je srovnání výkonu tlumočníků v testech pracovní paměti a při simultánním tlumočení. Výsledky ukazují, že a) existuje vztah mezi pracovní pamětí tlumočníků a simultánním tlumočením, b) tento vztah se týká především funkcí řídících; u funkcí paměťových se žádný zásadní vztah neprokázal, c) některé funkce pracovní paměti se rozvíjejí spolu s tlumočnickou praxí, a d) vztah...
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Strategies used to solve working memory tasks
Afanasyeva, Krystsina ; Páchová, Anna (advisor) ; Preiss, Marek (referee)
Working memory training is a very popular subject in nowadays literature, but processes that underlie the process of task solving have not been researched much. The aim of this work is to find strategies that are used when solving n-back tasks, and to find out the influence of modality and level of abstraction on the performance and choice of strategies. For these purposes the training program NBack Campaign was chosen. In this study participated 23 children from 12 to 14 years old, because children of this age have not been researched much. The participants were presented with visual and auditory tasks with different levels of abstraction. With some of the participants were conducted semistructured interviews. Statistical analysis showed the modality effect on performance. The effect of the level of abstraction on performance was shown only in visual tasks. Furthermore, the strategies that corresponded with modality and level of abstraction were identified. KEYWORDS N-back, strategies, modality, abstraction, working memory training
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Sustaining of RHD polymorphism in human population by selectin in favour of heterozygotes
Pokorný, Daniel ; Flegr, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Kaňková, Šárka (referee)
RhD polymorphism is an evolutionary enigma since the very discovery. Theoretically, the RhD- allele carriers should be eliminated through the negative selection against RhD positive children born to RhD negative mothers. The aim of this diploma thesis was to find out whether RhD positive heterozygous genotype is associated with the reduction of latent toxoplasmosis negative effects or even associated with improved psychomotor performances, memory or higher self-confidence, intuition and cognitive performances scores. Second of all, the aim of this thesis was to find out if RhD negative homozygotes exhibit worsened performances in the abovementioned characteristics and, consequently, see whether RhD polymorphism origin and maintenance could be achieved through the heterozygote advantage. General linear models that included listed variables, RhD genotypes and phenotypes, information about toxoplasma-infection status and age as a covariate were performed. Heterozygote Advantage hypothesis was supported in operational memory models and in case of women also in psychomotor performances models. On the other hand, models of short-term memory, self-confidence, intuition and cognitive performances scores did not support the formulated hypothesis. Keywords RhD polymorphism, selection favouring heterozygotes,...
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Options of Working Memory Trainig
de Gray, Klára ; Páchová, Anna (advisor) ; Preiss, Marek (referee)
The Options of Working Memory Training Abstract: The theme of this diploma thesis is the possibilities of working memory training. From the analysis of nowadays literature we found out that the field of stimulus material (witch is contained in training programs) has not been researched much. The aim of this work is to find out whether there is a connection between the type of stimulus material (within the abstraction and modality level), performance and memory strategies. For this purpose we selected the N-Back Campaign training program. And provide it with visual and verbal tasks in a differen king of abstraction level. These tasks were conducted by fifty respondents. After that, several semi-structured interviews were conducted, which helped us to understand the processes associated with N-back tasks. Using statistical analysis, we came to the conclusion that the type of stimulus material is significantly related to the performance in n-back tasks: with increasing rate of abstraction the performance decreases and that visual N-back task achives with higher scores. Furthermore, it has been found that there are specific strategies that correspond to a certain degree of stimulus abstraction or modalities (vision, hearing). Therefore, we think that stimulus material in N-back tasks can have a significant...
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Linguistics in the field of special education
Majerová, Radka ; Macurová, Alena (advisor) ; Šebesta, Karel (referee) ; Nebeská, Iva (referee)
Lingvistika je představena v aplikaci na řešení obtíží u lidí s jazykovým hendikepem, kteří se nacházejí ve speciálně pedagogickém prostředí. Ve výzkumu a rehabilitaci jazykových symptomů se nazývá klinickou lingvistikou. Klinická lingvistika kooperuje v multidisciplinárním kontextu s psycholingvistikou a neurolingvistikou. Práce nastiňuje potřebnost klinické lingvistiky také v českém měřítku. Je analyzována diagnóza vývojová anartrie u celoživotně nemluvících lidí s dětskou mozkovou obrnou. Vývojová anartrie je dosti častou diagnózou ve speciálním školství. Vyjevuje se její nedostatečný popis klinickou logopedií a potřeba její analýzy z klinicko-lingvistického hlediska. U vývojové anartrie je odhaleno druhotné narušení jazykových funkcí, sekundární dysfázie. Sekundární dysfázie u vývojové anartrie se manifestuje na všech jazykových rovinách, práce tuto manifestaci ukazuje. Inteligentní lidé s vývojovou anartrií se ocitají v situaci pozdní akvizice mateřského jazyka, který produkčně uchopují pouze ve formě psané řeči. Mají dílčí percepční obtíže. Fatální nemožnost mluvené produkce jim zapříčiňuje subvokální vnitřně řečový deficit. Je diskutován potenciál těchto lidí osvojovat jazyk v procesu pozdní akvizice, diskuze je uvedena v kontextu světového výzkumu o otázkách maturace a kritických period....
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Working memory and dyslexia
Benešová, Zuzana ; Morávková Krejčová, Lenka (advisor) ; Mertin, Václav (referee)
This thesis examines the connections of dyslexia and working memory. The theoretical part of this paper is dedicated to the contemporary concept of dyslexia and working memory, the main focus is on the classical model of working memory by Baddeley who distinguishes 4 basic components: central executive, phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, and the episodic buffer. The main part of this work is a summary of current research on working memory and its relationship to dyslexia. In the practical part, the author focuses on the design of research and testing levels of working memory functioning in individuals with dyslexia and without difficulty using the WMBT-C method. Keywords: Working memory, dyslexia, phonological loop, central executive, visuo-spatial sketchpad, episodic buffer
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