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Toxicity of microplastics and nanoplastics
Nechvátal, Marek ; Klouda, Karel
The article summarizes the knowledge about the influence of micro and nanoplastics on environmental components. Attention is paid to a complex set of the main toxic effects of plastic particles on selected groups of environmental organisms, especially new information and interactions with living organisms that have the potential to cause ecotoxicological damage.
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Emission of nanoparticles in the nanotextile industry
Nechvátal, Marek ; Klouda, Karel ; Kubátová, Hana ; Roupcová, Petra ; Bátrlová, Kateřina
We encounter smoke quite regularly in our lives. Smoke consists of gaseous, liquid and solid components that are produced by the combustion/oxidation of fuel. The chemical composition of smoke depends not only on the fuel used but also on a number of other parameters (operation, technology, atmospheric effects). The chemical composition of smoke is therefore variable and cannot be easily characterised. The combustion of wood releases into the atmosphere not only unconsumed air but also wood particles, CO2, methane, volatile organic compounds, trace elements and ultrafine particles. Measurements are published on this topic for a given type of combustion technology with a specific fuel type. The procedure for measuring the concentration of nanoparticles (10-700 nm) in wood smoke and their mean diameters can be called "field". The aim of these measurements in real situations was to find and describe sources of elevated nanoparticle concentrations. Substantial quantitative information on the occurrence of nanoparticles in wood combustion in different types of wood burners was obtained in the field under real climatic conditions, typical of the winter season in Central Europe, when most domestic heating takes place. Thus, wood burning in households in predominantly agricultural areas of the Czech Republic can be considered as a major source of outdoor air pollution, but can also have a significant impact on the deterioration of indoor air quality. At the same time, it can be assumed that the negative impact of nanoparticles on human health in areas polluted by wood smoke is weaker than the impact elsewhere - in industrial, more polluted areas.
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Složitý svět jedním číslem aneb Česko v indexech
Čermáková, Eva ; Grešlová, Petra ; Kochová, Tereza ; Mertl, Jan ; Pokorný, Jan ; Přech, Jiří ; Svirskyi, Volodymyr ; Vlčková, Václava ; Havránek, Miroslav ; Koblížková, Edita ; Hejná, Lenka
Publikace přináší přehled nejznámějších indexů, pomocí nichž hodnotí pokroky v nejrůznějších oblastech lidské činnosti ve světle dosahování udržitelnosti ve všech jejích pilířích – v environmentálním, sociálním i ekonomickém. Stav a vývoj v Česku je ukázán jednak pomocí skóre patnácti vybraných indexů a porovnáním s žádoucím stavem, tak i v rámci zemí Evropské unie a celého světa. Cílem knihy je najít odpovědi na otázky, jak Česko čelí komplexním výzvám nejen v oblasti životního prostředí, ale i v kontextu sociálně-ekonomickém. Jinými slovy, jaká je kvalita života či ekonomický vývoj, jelikož lidská společnost, její ekonomika a přírodní sféra fungují jako ucelený a propojený systém vzájemných interakcí. Jako nástroj pro mapování situace využívá hodnocení pomocí indexů, protože je u nich výrazná snaha o komplexní propojení nejrůznějších témat, která spolu zdánlivě nesouvisí, ve skutečnosti se však navzájem výrazně ovlivňují. Pořadí Česka se v mezinárodním srovnání u jednotlivých indexů liší v závislosti na zvoleném tématu, metodě výpočtu a vstupních datech. Jejich pochopení napomáhá uvedení silných a slabých stránek indexu a popisu, jak jsou jednotlivé indexy konstruovány – které indikátory a vstupní data do jejich výpočtu vstupují i popis metodiky výpočtu.
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Spectral Indices as a Tool for Hop Growth Evaluation
Seidlová, Jana ; Procházka, Pavel ; Kumhálová, Jitka
The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) to monitor crop growth is nowadays a common non-invasive way how to obtain information on the current state of crops. Spectral indices derived from multispectral images obtained in the right growth stage can then serve as a good data source for agro-technical interventions and yield estimation. Hop belongs among the crops where it is possible to scan the individual growth parameters very exactly. In the year 2021, significant precipitation amounts were recorded during the growing season, when it turned out that UAVs are a very powerful tool for determining the quality of production or quantification of vegetation damage compared to the previous year (2020). It was found that the common spectral indices were possible to use for calculation leaf area, structure, vigor and chlorophyll content of hop gardens.
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Hydrogeological and hydrological data contained in records of contaminated sites in the SEKM database
Tylčer, Jiří ; Suchánek, Zdeněk
As of May 2022, approximately 10,200 contaminated and potentially contaminated sites are registered in the database of the Contaminated Sites Registration System (SEKM) updated by the National Inventory of Contaminated Sites project (NIKM, 2018-2021). Each structured record of such site contains a number of hydrogeological and hydrological characteristics, which serve primarily to assess the possibility of contamination migration. The most important synthetic parameter of the hydrogeological and hydrological conditions at the site is the "Possibility of migration of contamination". The basis for the assessment is the assignment of the site to one of the five groups of types of hydrogeological structures of contaminated sites. For the set of localities of the highest priority category A, we demonstrate statistical data on the occurrence of the monitored "hydro" parameters, broken down by five types of migration options, for each subcategory A1, A2 and A3. The summary map of the territory of the Czech Republic shows the location of 451 subject contaminated sites of priority category A.
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Tvář české krajiny v prostoru a čase: Mapování CORINE Land Cover 1990–2018 v socioekonomických souvislostech
Grešlová, Petra ; Horáková, Kateřina ; Dastychová, Vendula ; Hloušek, Luděk ; Seidlová, Jana ; Laštovička, Josef ; Havránek, Miroslav ; Koblížková, Edita ; Kochová, Tereza
Publikace pojednává na podkladu dat mapování krajinného pokryvu CORINE Land Cover o fenoménech v české krajině. Zabývá se změnami krajinného pokryvu a využití půdy v Česku během tří desetiletí po sametové revoluci a uvádí změny krajinného pokryvu do socioekonomických souvislostí. Hlavní trendy změn krajinného pokryvu jsou zaměřeny na změny v osídlení, zemědělství a lesních porostech, a jsou doplněny o několik případových studií zaměřených na suburbanizaci, zemědělskou extenzifikaci v pohraničí nebo lesní změny na Šumavě a v Jeseníkách. Interakce mezi ekonomickým systémem a přírodou jsou zkoumány pomocí konceptu sociálního metabolismu a metody Analýzy materiálových a energetických toků s cílem popsat, do jaké míry závisí vývoj změn krajinného pokryvu a následných materiálových a energetických ukazatelů na socioekonomických podmínkách, a zároveň identifikovat hlavní procesy, z nichž tyto změny vycházejí. Analýza navazuje na prioritní oblasti Strategického rámce ČR 2030, které obohacuje o prostorový rozměr. Cílem knihy je oslovit a informovat ty, kdo rozhodují, odbornou veřejnost, pedagogy a absolventy vysokých škol i odborné novináře, jelikož pochopení dopadů změn krajinného pokryvu je předpokladem udržitelného rozvoje území a je důležité pro zachování funkčnosti ekosystémových služeb, zejména pak v reakci na vhodné územní plánování.
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Effectiveness of the use of clues of contaminated sites obtained by remote sensing for the National Inventory of Contaminated Sites
Suchánek, Zdeněk ; Řeřicha, Jaroslav
The National Inventory of Contaminated Sites (NIKM) project was aimed to fill the database of the Contaminated Sites Register (SEKM) with approximately 9053 updated and validated records with evaluated priority, taking into account the risk from the point of view of life and health of the population and the environment. We expect the number of records to be approximately 10100. Thousands of contaminated and potentially contaminated sites (KM / PKM) entered in the SEKM register are also waste management sites. The article focuses on the possibility of using information from the inventory for waste management. The initial project task implemented in the years 2018–2019 concerned the mapping of KM / PKM clues by remote sensing (RS) methods. The mapping provided a wealth of insights into the territorial distribution of clues. Using remote sensing methods, a significant part (approx. 18%) was obtained from the total number of approx. 10100 evaluated sites registered in SEKM. 48.5% of all records of evaluated localities arising from clues come from the group of types of clues determined using remote sensing methods and related to municipal waste (types of clues c, p, l, r). The use of remote sensing methods, such as the interpretation of orthophotomaps, can be a significant benefit for the performance of public administration in the field of spatial planning and environmental protection. Today, SEKM is a complete public database of the Ministry of the Environment that can be used by the professional and general public. Many of information contained in it can be used for the issue of waste disposal on the surface.
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Old municipal waste landfills inventoried in the Contaminated Sites Registration System
Suchánek, Zdeněk ; Řeřicha, Jaroslav
The database of the Contaminated Sites Registration System, filled in at the end of 2021 as part of the National Inventory of Contaminated Sites for the number of 10,134 records of assessed contaminated and potentially contaminated sites, contains, amongst other data, 4,619 sites registered as a “Solid Municipal Waste Landfill” type. This part of the database, together with additional information sources, was analysed in terms of parameters such as landfilling duration, landfill closure date, landfill size (area), location (territorial representativeness), state of knowledge about the landfill, and its risk and time urgency for possible corrective measures. We interpreted the obtained historical and current data on old municipal waste landfills and used them for the preparation of criteria for multi-criteria selection of the main types of old landfills and the selection of specific sites for sampling and technical works, to be done within the subsequent research project. The selection of landfills for sampling will be representative in the case of old municipal waste landfills, which are located in the South Bohemian, South Moravian, Central Bohemian and Vysočina regions. They should have an area of more than 100 m2, be of categories P and A, not having any set corrective measures, with an absence of the financing of remedial measures, be landfilled between 5 to 55 years and their landfilling activities having been terminated in the 1990s.
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Methods of landfill gas treatment in landfills in integrated prevention system
Keprtová, Karolína ; Kolář, Jan
The article focuses on the issue of landfill gas man-agement in landfills, which are within the scope of Act No. 76/2002 Coll., on integrated prevention. Al-though landfilling as a way of disposing of municipal waste is in decline, the subsequent care of landfills will continue for another decade after their closure, and landfill gas must be captured even then. The article summarizes infor-mation on the method of landfill gas management ob-tained through the information system of integrated pre-vention as well as the rules for landfill gas management according to the valid Czech technical standards. Accord-ing to data obtained from the public database of the inte-grated prevention system, 136 relevant landfills were identified. The application of a cogeneration has the larg-est share in the way of landfill gas management. If a co-generation unit is installed at the landfill, it is in most cases operated by a company other than the landfill oper-ator. It was also found that the region with the lowest population density has the largest number of landfills with low capacity. Due to the fact that the production of landfill gas decreases over time, it is possible that there will be changes in the way landfill gas is handled at indi-vidual landfills.
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