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Principles of the tax justice
Huspeková, Marie ; Seknička, Pavel (advisor) ; Bažantová, Ilona (referee)
This thesis is an interdisciplinary perspective on the issue of fair distribution of the tax burden. Taxes are assessed in terms of its purpose, which is to establish resources for the payment of government spending . Attention is focused on the moral and ethical aspects of the impact of the tax burden in human behavior and decision making. The work is divided into four chapters . The first chapter is devoted to human beings , its behavior and decision-making capabilities and comprehensive view of human individuality. One is set in the perspective of living and farming. The second chapter contains a brief look at the concepts of justice , focusing on the relationship between justice and ethical values selected . In the third chapter, the evaluation of the structure of the tax system and individual taxation, with a focus on tax fairness in economic sense . The fourth chapter is devoted to some aspects of international taxation. In conclusion, the thesis are evaluated conflicts tax fairness with other values .
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The proportionality of punishment with regard to the wealth of the offender
Drápal, Jakub ; Kühn, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Tryzna, Jan (referee)
The proportionality of punishment with regard to the wealth of an offender Master's Thesis Jakub Drápal Summary This thesis's main question is whether or not pecuniary punishments should be proportionate to the wealth of an offender. In the beginning the philosophical aspects and opinions of Law and Economics are examined. Jurisprudence of Czech Constitutional Court is discussed as administrative and penal law with their respective jurisdictions, Supreme Court, Supreme Administrative Court and Constitutional Court. Private and supranational law is also considered. The practical part of the thesis is composed of an analysis of the way how are pecuniary punishments in the form of day fines set at two Czech courts. The outcome is that the concept of day fines is not applied in the Czech Republic and is not accepted by the judges. Even though richer offenders get higher sentences than the poorer ones, in proportion to the punishment the richer receive much lesser sentence. To sum-up the findings, it is not possible today to give a unequivocal answer to the key question, whether pecuniary punishment should be proportionate to the wealth of an offender. It is possible in several areas of law, as it is possible to often choose, whether or not it is effective. General and abstract question however has to be left...
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Analysis of Roma integration in the Czech Republic using the theory of social construction of target populations
Tuzar, Vojtěch ; Angelovská, Olga (advisor) ; Kohoutek, Jan (referee)
The master thesis deals with public policies in the area of Roma minority inclusion in the modern history of the Czech Republic after 1989. The main objective of the thesis is to identify, by applying the theory of social construction of target populations, the form of state intervention in solviing the exclusion of the Roma minority from society. And then to find out what influence the social construction of the Roma and their political possibilities play here. The research consists in analysing and identifying the different elements of the theory in the following order: 1. Analysis of public policies for Roma integration; 2. Analysis of the social construction of the Roma; 3. Analysis of the political power of Roma. The first step towards achieving the aim of the thesis is to reveal the nature of the policy design of Roma integration. In this step, I will analyse a convolute of public policy documents, which includes international legal conventions, domestic minority laws and strategic documents. In the next step, I will focus on the social image of the Roma, the form of which, according to the social construction theory of target populations, plays an undeniable role in the formulation of public policies and the behaviour of elected officials. The last main effort to fulfil the aim of the thesis...
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Preschool education. The unequally chance to the uniform quality and accessibility of preschool education and the consequences which result from
Rokosová, Hana ; Veselý, Arnošt (advisor) ; Basl, Josef (referee)
The study "Preschool education. The unequally chance to the uniform quality and accessibility of preschool education and the consequences which result from" analyze the conditions of preschool education in terms of education policy and legislation in the Czech republic. The study deal with aspects, which contribute to the inequality in this area. Within the analisis, the six main reasons for the preschool education were identified. In the concrete: Problem of regional inaccessibility of preschool institution, the discrepancy between payment in the preschool institutions, the quality of pedagogue and the nubmer of children, who care for, the problem of curriculum and the quality of preschool institutions. The lack of information on the area of preschool education is also problem. Firstly, the area of preschool education should be more identified to its solution.
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The World of Meaning of the Young Intelligentsia: Intimacy, Equality and Difference in Central Europe 1956-1968
Nebřenský, Zdeněk ; Havelka, Miloš (advisor) ; Vykoukal, Jiří (referee) ; Pažout, Jaroslav (referee)
The thesis deals with thought, mentality and conceptions of the higher education students. It focuses especially on discussions and controversies between students and party, state or universities authorities and aims at frictions which spread in official discourse and arose from student demands on more space for autonomous activity. Its main concern is the way in which these controversies were related to power transformations in the Central-European dictatorship since 1956. As an example of young intelligentsia, activists of youth and student organizations at higher education institutions in Warsaw, Prague and Bratislava have been chosen. The thesis is divided into three parts. The first part researches on the conceptions of intimate, especially problems of youth sexuality, student marriage and living conditions of young families. The second part deals with the conceptions of equality in relation to centralized work-placement of graduates. The power authorities in the state-socialist society laid stress on social equality of all citizens, but paradoxically it produced strong inequality at a local level and undermined work, social and transnational mobility. The third parts researches on conceptions of difference. In this case, authorities claimed generation unity and culture uniformity for the whole...
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The Application of Ethical Principles in the Development of the Health Care System
Válková, Monika ; Holmerová, Iva (advisor) ; Pinc, Zdeněk (referee) ; Jurašková, Božena (referee)
Univerzita Karlova v Praze Fakulta humanitních studií Název oboru Filozofie Disertační práce (obor Aplikovaná etika) Uplatňování etického principu při tvorbě zdravotnického systému The Application of Ethical Principles in the Development of the Health System Mgr. Monika Válková Vedoucí práce: Doc. prim. MUDr. Iva Holmerová, Ph.D. Praha 2013 2 Anotace Disertační práce na téma Uplatňování etického principu při tvorbě zdravotnického systému je zaměřena na etické principy, které se promítaly ve vývoji zdravotnického systému v České republice. Solidarita, spravedlnost , rovnost a právo na zdraví jsou základní etické principy uplatňované ve zdravotnických systémech Z historického hlediska je solidarita nejstarším etickým principem , která měla vliv na utváření jednotlivých typů sociálních států v Evropě. Solidarita je zkoumána z pohledu vývoje sociálního zabezpečení v době nemoci a chudoby. Zdravotnický systém v České republice je hodnocen z hlediska uplatňování etických principů v různých etapách společenského uspořádání země od Rakouska Uherska a ž do současnosti. V praktické části disertační práce byly srovnávány s Českou republikou zdravotnické systémy Švédska a Francie dle etických principů solidarita, spravedlnost, rovnost a právo na zdraví Hlavním cílem disertační práce bylo prokázat na základě vybraných...
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Harmonization of family and work roles for workers who do not have the option of working from home during the coronavirus crisis
Šrámková, Nikola ; Hejzlarová, Eva (advisor) ; Trlifajová, Lucie (referee)
The thesis deals with the harmonization of family and work roles of workers without the possibility of working from home during the so-called first wave of the coronavirus crisis in 2020. The goal of this thesis is to describe the harmonization possibilities of family and the work roles in the Czech Republic. Another goal of this thesis is to find out what circumstances influenced the parents without the possibility of working from home to stay at work during the COVID-19 pandemic. Last but not least, the goal was set to map the harmonization of the family and of the work roles of the parents without the possibility of working from home during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Czech Republic. The theoretical basis of the thesis is the concept of family-work conflict in conjunction with the concept of work-life balance. These theoretical aspects were conceptualized with the issue of Covid-19, labor market conditions and the tools that make it easier to match the parental and the work roles in the Czech Republic. The research work works with primary and secondary data. The primary data was obtained through the semi-structured interviews with the affected individuals (the parents who take care of a child under the age of 10 and at the same time working in a position without the possibility of working from...
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Equality of men and women in labour relations in the Czech Republic and the Nordic countries
Grabcová, Lenka ; Vysokajová, Margerita (advisor) ; Štefko, Martin (referee)
The Equality of Men and Women in Labour Relations in the Czech Republic and the Nordic Countries Abstract The subject of the equality of men and women in labour relations is the key topic of this thesis. The main attention is paid to equality and non-discrimination of both parents in the performance of paid employment, especially in terms of opportunities to reconcile their work and family life provided by employers. The scope of this thesis is a comparison of family policies in the Nordic countries, i.e., Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, and Iceland, with the rest of the European countries, especially the Czech Republic. The Nordic countries are generally considered to be the most progressive in many areas, but exceptionally in the area of equal access to both sexes as so- called gender-neutral states, where gender plays almost no role. This specificity was essential for their choice as role models in the field of family policy and the harmonization tools used. First, the introductory chapters are devoted to a detailed analysis of the necessary terminology associated with the issue, especially the concepts of gender, discrimination, or equality, but also the relevant legislation on equality and non-discrimination, especially in relation to both sexes and parenthood, at international, European and national...
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Integrating Czech women into society: from Bozena Nemcova to active voting rights in the Citvics for low secondary school.
Holubová, Kateřina ; Dvořáková, Michaela (advisor) ; Jirásková, Věra (referee)
This thesis looks at the emergence of women's equal rights movement in Czech society and its transformation in the curriculum. It centers on the evolution of female movement and women's emancipation from the initial efforts of informal equality, initiated by Bozena Nemcova, to the achievement of formal liberation and equal rights for women in the society in Czechoslovak republic, in 1920, by achieving an active voting rights, in other words by full and equal citizenship. The theoretical part examines sociological terminology and findings, describes secondary literature by various female writers who focus on the women's movement and gender, and describes women's action in 19th and beginning of the 20th century. The thesis discusses men who played a role in the women's civil rights movement, and also places the topic in the European context. It stresses the importance of women's work, particularly female writers, teachers and politicians. In the practical section the thesis centers on placing the topic within the curriculum reform. It highlights places of remembrance which can be valuable for low secondary school pupils, outlines Czech female emancipation in the context of Framework Educational Programme for Basic Education and summarizes information about gender in educational setting. This is...
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Addressing structural inequality through education access
Davey, Elizabeth ; Angelovská, Olga (advisor) ; Ndiaye, Sokhna Adele Rosalie (referee)
Elizabeth Davey Public and Social Policy Master's Thesis Abstract Education has long been perceived to be the key to positive social mobility, but mounting evidence has shown that for many low-income students this may be more of a myth than reality. The Achievement Gap between students of different socio-economic and racial groups remains persistently difficult to eliminate despite decades of efforts geared at school reforms. Recognizing the importance of developing more equitable funding allocation for public education institutions, as well as the general consensus that such a policy is an essential step toward increasing equity in the education system, this paper looks at addressing the problem through a different lens. This thesis develops an index of how cross generational relationships and circumstances play into a child's academic access, and as a result, their academic outcomes. Using this index, this thesis adds to the body of knowledge on the topic and a new perspective to the discourse surrounding equity in education, and educational outcomes by considering how Two-Generation interventions can address these intersections. To complete the triangulation, interviews, and observations with leadership staff, program social workers, and participants of a successful Two- Gen program are used to address...
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