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Three Liberal Theories of Justice
Macháček, Jiří ; Šimsa, Martin (advisor) ; Váňa, Tomáš (referee)
The mail goal of this thesis is to introduce the modern theory of liberal justice with a focus on distributive justice. In addition, the author addresses the issue of value neutrality in the liberal state and the concept of equality in liberal theory. The author presents the concept of "justice as fairness" described by liberal political philosopher John Rawls. Afterwards his concept is subjected to criticism of other contemporary liberal philosophers Robert Nozick and Ronald Dworkin. The author briefly looks into coherence between mentioned philosophers and earlier representatives of liberal theory, as well as their non-liberal critics. The first chapter contains a list of thinkers and their contributions to the issue of justice and the social contract theory. The following three chapters concerns the interpretation of the concepts of three mentioned authors using critical analysis of their publications. In the fifth chapter are described concepts of thinkers who critically respond to Rawl's theory of justice generally reffered to as communitarians. In the sixth chapter the author summarizes the main theoretical background and arguments of discussed liberal philosophers. Finally the thesis is concluded by their comparison and summary of key facts and features.
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Justice and injustice - how we understand it in modern society
Kovaříková, Zuzana ; Kandert, Josef (advisor) ; Kotík, Michal (referee)
Objective of the bachelor thesis "Conception of justice and injustice in con- temporary society" is to describe and analyze how people in contemporary Czech society understand the concepts of justice, injustice, and fair and unfair treatment. In the first part of my work I am focusing on the theoretical background of the matters of justice. There I am interested in different types and possible bases of justice, as well as in philosophers who have tried to define justice. This is followed by a practi- cal part of the thesis, which deals with the methodology and the research itself. The research was conducted through semi-structured interviews with 10 respondents. Du- ring the analysis, I try to investigate not only the respondents' definitions of view of justice and injustice, but also concepts with which they identify or associate justice, even terms that their concept of justice conflicts with. The final section provides a comparison of research results to the initial hypotheses and comparison of practical and theoretical parts.
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Judical reform in Czechoslovakia 1948 - 1953
Krátký, Jakub ; Pehr, Michal (advisor) ; Doubek, Vratislav (referee)
This work is introducing the processes which undergone in the Czechoslovak Justice during period of years 1948 and 1953. These processes resulted in complex change of the entire legal system in Czechoslovakia (CS). Newly established communist regime managed to build tight grip on power during the analyzed period of time. Changes of the justice, legal education and advocacy was analyzed by many excellent Czechoslovak scholars from area of law and contemporary history but their free publication was enabled after the fall of the communist regime in 1989. Important part of this work is analysis of the vital laws which was introduced during above mentioned period. First chapter is about important politician Alexej Cepicka, who was an architect of the whole judicial reform. Understanding of his role in the transformation of the society is necessary to understand the historical events. The second chapter focuses on the whole process of purification the society through mass organizations loyal to the communists and attempts to annihilate of the Catholic Church. The third chapter gives us an overview of the legal system transformation, with an emphasis on the new Constitution and vital repressive laws. In the following chapters, the transformation of the whole Czechoslovak justice, legal education and the...
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The Application of Ethical Principles in the Development of the Health Care System
Válková, Monika ; Holmerová, Iva (advisor) ; Pinc, Zdeněk (referee) ; Jurašková, Božena (referee)
Univerzita Karlova v Praze Fakulta humanitních studií Název oboru Filozofie Disertační práce (obor Aplikovaná etika) Uplatňování etického principu při tvorbě zdravotnického systému The Application of Ethical Principles in the Development of the Health System Mgr. Monika Válková Vedoucí práce: Doc. prim. MUDr. Iva Holmerová, Ph.D. Praha 2013 2 Anotace Disertační práce na téma Uplatňování etického principu při tvorbě zdravotnického systému je zaměřena na etické principy, které se promítaly ve vývoji zdravotnického systému v České republice. Solidarita, spravedlnost , rovnost a právo na zdraví jsou základní etické principy uplatňované ve zdravotnických systémech Z historického hlediska je solidarita nejstarším etickým principem , která měla vliv na utváření jednotlivých typů sociálních států v Evropě. Solidarita je zkoumána z pohledu vývoje sociálního zabezpečení v době nemoci a chudoby. Zdravotnický systém v České republice je hodnocen z hlediska uplatňování etických principů v různých etapách společenského uspořádání země od Rakouska Uherska a ž do současnosti. V praktické části disertační práce byly srovnávány s Českou republikou zdravotnické systémy Švédska a Francie dle etických principů solidarita, spravedlnost, rovnost a právo na zdraví Hlavním cílem disertační práce bylo prokázat na základě vybraných...
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School-age children - argumentation in their moral judgment
Kukal, Jiří ; Klusák, Miroslav (advisor) ; Hříbková, Lenka (referee)
The thesis is based upon the theoretical foundations of the Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget. The theoretical part thoroughly introduces Piaget's theories in relation to the works of his follower Lawrence Kohlbeg and later critics. The theme of the thesis is a research of the moral judgment of school-age children, specifically, in relation to Piaget, mapping the transition from the argumentation of responsibilities of objective consequences to the argumentation of responsibilities of subjective intentions. A set of six pairs of moral stories has been used as the means of the research. The stories were told to 53 children and short interviews followed. A part of the stories came from Piaget, the other part consisted of newly-constructed stories featuring a very substantial material loss. The main object of the research was the possible coordination of viewpoints of objective and subjective responsibility in relation to the extreme material loss contained within the stories. The research also focused on the different ratios of answers based on objective and subjective responsibility in connection with the age of the child. Key words: moral development, justice, moral judgment
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Principles of corporate volunteering in the Czech Republic
KAŇOKOVÁ, Simona
The aim of this study is to describe the corporate volunteerism in the Czech Republic and subsequently define a structured set of ethical principles that should be complied by companies to enhance the ethical standards of corporate volunteerism and its positive impact. The theoretical part introduces the civic and corporate volunteerism, pointing out their legal and content differences and also the environmental non-profit organizations and economic subjects companies. Corporate volunteerism (CV) is defined as a part of the donation, which is a social component of corporate social responsibility (CSR). This study describes CSR as a tool of business ethics and assesses its impact on corporate culture and social work environment in favour of solidarity projects as CV. Based on the experience and study of scientific texts, four models reflecting the company's ethical maturity phase are defined in the practical part of the study. Their names are derived from the context and causes of the launch of CV - models naturally moral, promotional, human resources and employee model. The analysis of models aimed at meeting the objectives of the work, compiling seven ethical principles for CV - principles of real potential, plan and impact, quantity and quality of the target, the benefits of a coordinator´s position, equal access, freedom to make decisions and the principle of truthful communication. The principles are not procedures, however, the principles ask questions and concentrate ethical basis for project of CV. This text is accompanied by an evaluation comment using practical examples (from the institutional, social and individual ethical perspective).
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Global Dimension of Rawls' Theory of Justice
Ottingerová, Lucie ; Šimsa, Martin (advisor) ; Kučera, Jan (referee)
This thesis is concerned with mapping one of the most topical discussions in the field of modern political philosophy, namely the contention about the existence, nature and extent of justice in the era of a highly globalised world. However, the clash about the existence of global justice, hitherto referred to as the clash between cosmopolitans and internationalists, is not viewed in its entirety. More specifically, this thesis aspires to make an introduction into the debate against the background of one of the most influential philosophical works of the 20th century which has significantly contributed to the delimitation of the term "justice"- Theory of Justice by John Rawls. This book incited joyful reaction from a number of cosmopolitan theorists, including most notably Charles Beitz and Thomas Pogge, who perceived it as a clear attempt at extending traditionally liberal ideals and precepts beyond the scope of nation states. The difference principle in particular caught their attention as it represented a suitable way of facilitating the ideal of social justice at global level. Nonetheless, Rawls himself rejected cosmopolitan claims. As this thesis aspires to fully comprehend the reasons that led him to such a step, it will be necessary to introduce Rawls' political philosophy in its entirety,...
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Accessing judicature with electronic sources
Korhoň, Ondřej ; Šisler, Vít (advisor) ; Dombrovská, Michaela (referee)
The purpose of the thesis is the accessibility of electronic sources of judicature in the Czech Republic. The thesis deals with publicly as well as commercially accessible sources. The publicly accessible sources are represented by NALUS which is administered by the Constitutional court, the retrieval system of The Supreme Court of the Czech Republic and the retrieval system of The Supreme Administrative Court. The commercially accessible sources are represented by the Beck online, ASPI and CODEXIS.All the sources taken into account are evaluated by the range of their content, the quality of search engine and user interface.
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The Court of Appeal in Prague in the Second Half of the 18th Century.
Šalak, Boris ; Hojda, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Šouša, Jiří (referee)
The Court of Appeal in Prague in the second half of the 18th century This thesis describes the development of The Court of Appeal in Prague between the years 1749 and 1850. The main aim of this thesis is the description of the role of this court in the system of justice in the second half of the eighteen century and the description of the effects of reforms of Maria Theresa and Joseph II on the constitution, structure and function of the court. In the form, which the court acquired at the time of the rule of Joseph II, the court remained for another sixty years. The Court of Appeal in Prague was founded in the year 1548. From the beginning it was a royal court and was empowered to hear appeals of municipal courts. Its competence was extended during the ages. On the contrary the district of the court was limited during the eighteen century only to Bohemia. In the year 1850 the court was transformed into Higher Regional Court in Prague. Keywords: justice, history of the public administration, 18th century.
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Rawls a Nozick: A Theory of Justice and its Critics
Rod, Marek ; Hauser, Michael (advisor) ; Hogenová, Anna (referee)
The aim of this work is to introduce theory of justice as fairness in John Rawls' book A Theory of Justice and to compare it with its criticism in Robert Nozick' s book Anarchy, State and Utopia. Targeted reader is a person with only the most rudimentary knowledge about the subject. The first part describes the main ideas in A Theory of Justice: its specifications, the two principles of justice comprising its core and Rawls' interpretation of the original position - the mechanism, using which Rawls comes to define the two principles. The second part describes four main points of criticism, that Noick puts forvard against A Theory of Justice: the absence of social microstructures in conceiving the theory, favouritism of individuals who are allready favourited in the society, omitting plausible alternative to Rawls' two principles and inhibition of natural assets in light of their moral arbitrariness. The end of the second part offers comparison between the two opinions from third person point of view - that is, from the point of Michael Sandel.
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