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Study on dynamics of spinning apparatus of some wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae) during their life cycle
Dolejš, Petr ; Smrž, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Žďárek, Jan (referee) ; Hajer, Jaromír (referee)
Current knowledge of the spinning apparatus comes namely from studies on orb web spiders and their relatives, whereas that of wolf spiders were more or less neglected. Therefore, developmental changes of the spinning apparatus of four wolf spiders were studied throughout their life cycles. Each of these lycosids possesses stenochronous life cycle with similar number of instars (7-10) but of different length (1-3 years). There is only one period of reproduction in spring/summer in all four species. Sperms are being formed just after the final moult; diplotene in some species is peculiar. The courtship behaviour reflects the microhabitat occupied by the concrete spider species; the copulations are species specific. Ontogeny of the spinning apparatus of developing spiderlings was observed: The spinning apparatus initiate its function in the first instar. Secondary ampullate, all piriform and all but four aciniform glands are tartipore-accommodated; they do not moult in situ. The tartipores, vestigial structures corresponding to spigots of the previous instar, appear on the spinning field starting with the second instar. Tartipore-accommodated glands play roles also during proecdysis and their evolution corresponds with the way how do the spiders secure themselves when moulting. Hence, the not yet...
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Psychosocial intervention for women with perinatal loss
Borůvková, Klára ; Hoskovcová, Simona (advisor) ; Šivicová, Gabriela (referee)
This dissertation is focused on mapping the needs and development of experiencing the prenatal loss integration process in mothers, whose child died during the second or the third pregnancy trimester or suffered stillbirth. The goal of this dissertation is to suggest optimal intervention, which would prevent the progress of complications in terms of psychological disorders (PTSD, PAS). The theoretical part describes prenatal loss from the aspect of incidence and etiology and the loss of a close relative in general. It also focuses on the specifics of prenatal loss, the topic of crisis and its experience, phases of crisis, definition of the term "psychosocial intervention" and demarcation of its existing forms. This part also offers several perspectives and attitudes to the topic of grief as a process of hard life experience integration. It also describes several phases and problems connected with their fulfillment. The empirical part focuses on surveying the experiences and needs of women, who have suffered with prenatal loss. It also follows the approaches and circumstances, means of support, which helped women to cope with such an experience. It also tries to identify such aspects, which hindered this acceptation or made it more complicated. Research inquiry involves 13 depth interviews, which...
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Taxonomy of species of the genus Lachnum s.I. in Central Europe
Chlebická, Markéta ; Holec, Jan (advisor) ; Pažoutová, Sylva (referee) ; Baral, Hans-Otto (referee)
Aims of the thesis The generalobjectiveof thethesisv/asto taxonomically evaluatethe rich materialof Lachnurn s.l. depositedin Czech herbaria,as well as the personal ťreldcollections. In the case of taxonomic or nomenclatural problems, the problematic groups were studied in detail. Various methods were used to solve the taxonomic problems and important collections from other herbariawere also studied. Outline of the thesis Problematic groups in Lachnum. I paid attentionto lignicolous and herbicolous species of Lachnum and to the group of Lachnum pygmaeum (Article III, VII) from the taxonomicpoint of view. Field collections of the whole spectrumoťLachnum specieswere included to the check-list (Article I). Species concept in Capitotricha. Central European species of Capitotricha with asci arising from simple septa were sequenced and a larger set of data supplementingthe previously known sequencewas obtained and analysed. Interesting data on Capitotricha species from Nothofagus from southern hemisphere were obtained. Long-spored lignicolous species of the genus Erioscyphella Kirschst. close to Lachnum and Capitotricha from the tropics and subtropics were also studiedanddiscussed. Taxonomy of Trichopeziza. Tbere was a lot of confusion connected with the name Peziza sulphurea Pers. At first, it was used for a...
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Molecular phylogeny and evolutionary trends in Hieracium (Asteraceae, Lactuceae)
Krak, Karol ; Fehrer, Judith (advisor) ; Zozomová, Judita (referee) ; Nieto Feliner, Gonzalo (referee)
The hawkweed subgenus Hieracium s. str. is notoriously known for its extreme morphological variability and variation in ploidy levels that is associated with differences in modes of reproduction. Extensive past hybridization is supposed for the subgenus, but recent hybridization was evidenced only in few cases. The subgenus attracts the attention of botanists already for more than a century. Therefore the species diversity is largely examined and the taxonomy of the subgenus is well elaborated, although several contradictory taxonomic concepts exist. However the relationships among the species are unknown and haven't been studied yet. The investigation of these relationships from a phylogenetic perspective using molecular approaches was the main aim of the presented thesis. Basic species (both diploid and polyploid), representing morphologically unique taxa, that are supposed to be the basic evolutionary units of the subgenus were studied. The sequences of two intergenic spacers of the cpDNA (trnT-trnL and trnV-ndhC) and the external transcribed spacer of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA ETS) were analyzed. Moreover, three new low-copy nuclear markers with higher variability than nrDNA and cpDNA markers were developed and their suitability for phylogenetic studies in Hieracium s. str. was...
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Thermoregulation in ant genus Formica, an individual vs. colony conflict
Kadochová, Štěpánka ; Frouz, Jan (advisor) ; Dauber, Jens (referee) ; Domisch, Timo (referee)
This thesis deals with thermoregulation in red wood ants, in Formica rufa group. Our aim was to better understand the mechanisms by which red wood ants maintain thermal homeostasis in their nests. Red wood ants are known to keep high and stable temperatures in their nests from spring to autumn. Most emphasis is placed on the role of the nest mound as a solar collector or on a heat production by microbial community present in the nest material. However, some researchers believe that wood ants are able of active nest thermoregulation in which they can affect the nest temperature by behavioural reactions, mainly by sun basking, increased metabolic heat production or heat transport. The thesis consists of three research articles. The first one is focused on the timing of thermoregulation in red wood ants, the second one investigates in more detail one specific aspect of red wood ant thermoregulation - a sun basking behaviour. These two papers provide data from long-term field observations and experiments. The last paper is based on laboratory experiments where we tested a hypothesis resulting from field observations. Thanks to the field research we found out that ant activity (traffic on ant trails) significantly correlates with nest temperature; once the activity decreased the thermal homeostasis...
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CAT Tools in German - Czech Translation
Handšuhová, Jana ; Svoboda, Tomáš (advisor) ; Špirk, Jaroslav (referee)
Abstract This thesis handles special translation software, the mastery of which is becoming one of the basic requirements of successful translation work. The theoretical part describes the historical development, classification and main functions of translation memory systems. The thesis will further attempt to determine the criteria for the effective use of CAT tools and explore the text types and sorts for which the translation memory systems are most commonly used in the translation process. The functional view of the language-based text typology and the principles on which the translation memory systems work will also be handled. The practical part compares the result of a translation process (translation as a product) with and without CAT tools. The corpus of parallel texts (original translation) will be subjected to a translation analysis. This analysis concludes the levels which are affected by differences between translations made with and without CAT tools. The differences in the actual translation process with and without CAT tools which are not empirically verifiable will be analysed based on a survey conducted amongst translators. Then, the empirical part of the findings are summarized and systemized. The last chapter deals with the expected development in the translation market, the...
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The psychosocial factors of perinatal care in relations with the patients' satisfaction, the conduct of delivery and the onset of lactation
Takács, Lea ; Šulová, Lenka (advisor) ; Dittrichová, Jaroslava (referee)
The aim of this study is to explore the psychosocial aspects of care provided in maternity hospitals. The study is divided into three parts: i) the psychosocial aspects of care for parturients, ii) the psychosocial aspects of care for the newborn, and iii) the psychosomatic issues in obstetrics. Each part includes a review of the relevant literature and a presentation of the specific research carried out for the purpose of this thesis. The first part discusses the psychosocial competences of healthcare providers (social support, communication, providing of information, etc.), while subsequent research focuses on the psychosocial factors that influence parturients' satisfaction with perinatal care. The second part is devoted to psychological importance of birth experience for the newborn and early mother-child contact, psychosocial needs of the health-risk newborn and initiation of breastfeeding, with the research section containing the inquiry into the factors that may influence the start of breastfeeding. The last part of this study concentrates on the effects of psychological variables on the perception of pain and the course of labour. The review of the relevant literature is followed by presenting the research results that show the impact of psychosocial factors of perinatal care on selected...
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Funeral Cast Iron plastics from the Brdy Region examined considering its Contacts with Cast Iron Manufacturing Centres in Prussia and Moravia in the 19th Century
Bělová, Jana ; Royt, Jan (advisor) ; Otavský, Karel (referee) ; Prahl, Roman (referee)
Funeral cast iron plastics offer an unique insight into the blending of art and trade in the 19th century. The Brdy region represented a very important centre of iron manufacture at that time, from which artistic ingenuity as well as skilled trade spread. The project Funeral cast iron plastics from the Brdy Region examined considering its Contacts with Cast Iron Manufacturing Centres in Prussia and Moravia in the 19th Century presents the Brdy cast iron within the context of the most important production centres of cast iron in Prussia, Moravia and Austria. 39 sample books were examined and described and photographic documentation of 2020 funeral monuments was gathered. 547 of these were documented in Berlin, 142 in Gliwice, 559 in and around Hořovice, Beroun, Rožmitál, Plzeň, and Plasy, 376 in the region of Blansko and Frýdlant nad Ostravicí, in and around Mariazell, pictures of 396 monuments were taken. Funeral cast iron plastics stand between artistic and commercial cast iron production. Three areas of Funeral cast iron Production in central Europe were identified and examined. The first one arose from the Prussian foundries in Berlin and Gliwice. The foundry of Plasy and also the Fürstenberk foundry in Beroun as well as the older production of the Blansko foundry are linked to the heritage of...
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Programmes of monitoring of bird occurrence and abundance as a source of ecological data
Mourková, Jindra ; Fuchs, Roman (advisor) ; Reif, Jiří (referee) ; Bejček, Vladimír (referee)
5 regionálních atlasech (Flousek & Gramsz 1999, Hromádko et al. 2005), umožňuje lépe zachytit proměnlivost výskytu a početnosti ptáků, která je daná mozaikovitostí studovaného území. Kromě údajů o prokázanosti hnízdění v jednotlivých kvadrátech síťových map přináší také odhad početnosti v celém území CHKO, charakteristiku výskytu a prostředí využívaného druhem na daném území a údaje o hnízdních hustotách v různých typech prostředí. Kvantitativní mapy pro jednotlivé druhy nejsou bohužel dosud zpracovány. SUMMARY OF THE THESIS In the thesis, regional data on bird communities were studied in terms of species richness and occurrence of bird species in dependence on habitat and, in case of wintering birds, also on climatic conditions. The regional grid atlas of Prague (Fuchs et al. 2002), records from Wintering waterbird census in Central Bohemia, own data on the breeding population of the Mute Swan in the Třeboň region and data from individual marking of Mute Swans provided by the Bird Ringing Centre of the National Museum were used as the sources of data on the occurrence and abundance of bird species. The thesis also includes a part of the text of the prepared Atlas of breeding distribution of birds in the Třeboň region. The first contribution (Mourková J., Fuchs R., Sedláček O., Janovský Z., Exnerová A.,...
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Reproductive strategies in boid snakes
Vejvodová, Tereza ; Frynta, Daniel (advisor) ; Rehák, Ivan (referee)
The important part of life history of species is number and size of offspring, which is limited by size of maternal investment. Family of boas (Boidae) comprises species with various maternal investments. The species of study was Cuban boa (Chilabothrus angulifer) having small litter size, but producing one of the biggest neonates from family Boidae. The aim of the thesis was to analyze relationships between life-history parameters and try to find possible evolutionary causes of this huge maternal investment. Results show, that the female's decision to reproduce is under "Capital breeder" strategy, when size of the female positively influence litter size and offspring size. Surprising result is that smaller (younger) females are producing more sons than daughters in accordance with "Local resource competition" hypothesis. Fitness of the young should increase with birth size. That was confirmed only in interspecific survival rate being very high in Cuban boa. Keywords: snakes, Cuban boa, maternal investment, life history, SSD, sex ratio
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