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The genetics of type II diabetes
Svobodová, Kristýna ; Ehler, Edvard (advisor) ; Pavlasová, Lenka (referee)
The bachelor thesis The genetics of type II diabetes is compound of several chapter. The major part is general characteristic of diabetes, diagnostics and pathogenesis. The thesis includes history of diabetes too. The last two chapters are focus on genetics. There are many knowledges which have been gained so far and objects future studies. Very interesting is chapter about genetics studies in variol continents, studies of ethnic groups. Key words Diabetes mellitus I., Diabetes mellitus II., disease, genetics, gen, locus, genome-wide association studies, heritability
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Differentiation of adult stem cells into insulin-producing beta cells
Koblas, Tomáš ; Saudek, František (advisor) ; Grim, Miloš (referee) ; Štechová, Kateřina (referee)
Ph.D. Thesis abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by a metabolic disorder in which there is a low level or complete lack of the insulin. Diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1) is caused by an autoimmune reaction leading to the destruction of the insulin producing beta cells in the pancreas. In consequence, low or non-existent insulin production leads to a complete dependence on exogenous insulin supplementation. DM1 causes serious long-term complications. Although strict control of blood sugar could prevent the onset and development of diabetic complications only 5% of diabetic patients are able to achieve such control. Hence it is evident that the current methods of treatment are neither sufficient to treat this disease, nor prevent late complications in most patients. The most promising therapeutic approach in the treatment of diabetes is the restoring of insulin production. One such method is the transplantation of insulin-producing tissue. However, a lack of available insulin- producing tissue limits such therapeutic approach. Therefore an alternative source of insulin producing cells have to be found to obtain a sufficient amount of safe and efficient insulin producing tissue. Pancreatic stem/progenitor cells could represent such an available alternative source. Despite the evidence...
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The role of monocytes in pathogenesis of diabetes - immunogenetic study
Paukner, Karel ; Daňková, Pavlína (advisor) ; Černá, Marie (referee)
Type one diabetes is an autoimmune disease. It is caused by the destruction of β cells of Langerhans' pancreatic islets. Hyperglycemia is a major symptom of β cell destruction. Monocytes play a key role during T cell activation. T cell effect can be protective (Treg) or destructive. Monocyte destroys β cells as a macrophage and generates self-tolerance as a dendritic cell. The number of patients with T1D is increasing. In the presented work I aim to summarize current information about pathogenesis of T1D and I try to propose future way of research.
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The effect of different bariatric operations on the weight loss in the treatment of obesity
Janoušková, Eva ; Matoulek, Martin (advisor) ; Svačina, Štěpán (referee)
Introduction: Bariatric procedures belong to modern methods of therapy of obesity, especially in patients with higher degree of obesity. Currently, different procedures are performed, among those gastric banding, sleeve gastrectomy and gastric bypass. Our research investigated the effect of various bariatric procedures on the weight loss and some other metabolic values in the treatment of obesity. Methods: The data collection for quantitative research was carried out at the 3rd medical department of 1st faculty of medicine of Charles University and General Faculty Hospital in Prague, partially retrospectively and mainly prospectively. We monitored the change of weight and compensation of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the first year after operation in group of 54 patients of which 32 patients had a two-year monitoring as well. For monitoring changes of weight throughout a particular period of time after operation, the conversion on % EWL a % EBMIL was used. The data was evaluated by basic statistical methods. Results 1: In our reference group (n=54) average value of EWL was found 37,58 % in the first year after the surgery. The value of EWL for sleeve gastrectomy was 47,52 %. The value of EWL for gastric bypass was 39,82 %. The value of EWL for gastric banding was 23,28 %. Results 2: In the subset of...
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Possibilities, how patients NIDDM can use physical activities
Franěk, Michal ; Bunc, Václav (advisor) ; Dvořák, Martin (referee)
Title: Possibilities, how patients NIDDM can use physical activities Leader: Prof. Ing. Václav Bunc, Csc. Aim: The intend of this work, based on the study of literature, is to explain key words, which are connected with diabetes mellitus and difference between first and second type The main aim is to evaluate influence of physical activities for patients with NIDDM and draw an analogy how a diabetic can improve your heath doing physical exercises Methods: Study of literature and other sources (internet, lectures) on the chosen topic. Method for assessing the effect of exercise and its accuracy, I chose four characteristic points for motion training: a form of exercise, intensity of exercise, type of exercise and duration of exercise, known by the acronym F.I.T.T. These points are evaluated individually due to the patient with the disease diabetes mellitus II. Results: From this work shows that regular physical activity leads to losing some weight, lowering blood glucose and blood pressure, improving well-being and so it reduces the risk of associated diseases. It must be the principles of F.I.T.T., individualized for each patient. Physical activity has an overall positive effect on diabetes of the second type Keywords: Diabetes, physical activity, obesity, lifestyle
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Defensins and autoimmunity: emerging alpha-defensin based model to study mechanisms underpinning autoimmune processes
Neuwirth, Aleš ; Filipp, Dominik (advisor) ; Černý, Jan (referee) ; Michálek, Jaroslav (referee)
The process of immune "self-nonself discrimination" is of utmost importance for the survival of all species as the biodestructive force of immune system can be directed towards the host as much as to pathogens. Thus, to shift this balance towards the latter, T cells bearing self- recognizing receptors are removed in the thymus (central tolerance) or their reactivity is harnessed through various additional mechanisms in periphery (peripheral tolerance). If the selfreactive T cells are not deleted and persist in the body, the regulation of self-tolerance can be breached, leading to the onset of autoimmunity. Presented thesis revolved around α-defensins, very effective bactericidal peptides that represent an important part of humoral innate immunity. There are two types of α-defensins: myeloid, expressed predominantly in neutrophils, and enteric, synthesized by intestinal Paneth cells. Data presented inhere are first to characterized the involvement of α-defensin- expressing cells in two types of autoimmune diseases, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (T1D) and autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED). The former relates to the identification of transcriptionally activated myeloid α-defensin- expressing eosinophils present in the thymus of diabetes prone rat. In...
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The role of Aspirin in the prevention of Colorectal Cancer
Galas, Ron Eric ; Kment, Milan (advisor)
Non-steroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs have been shown to play an important role in the chemotherapeutic prevention of Colorectal Cancer. Their mechanism in doing so has been proven as far as scientific works today allow results and an understanding of this mechanism. Without a doubt, many aspects of this drug in terms of chemotherapy tailored to the treatment of Colorectal Cancer remain to be illuminated and are subject to further investigations. Whether a cyclooxygenase inhibitor can be used as a chemopreventive agent needs to be assessed in each case individually and the whole view of a patient must be taken into account considering his overall status of health and the exclusion of the potential harm of side effects. Given the fact that these drugs provide protection of Colorectal Cancer to a certain extent, their use will most probably increase in countries where they are easily accessable.
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Prebiotic sweetener tagatose
Jurečková, Zuzana ; Vránová, Dana (referee) ; Vespalcová, Milena (advisor)
This sweetener, D-tagatose, has numerous advantages, which would eventually be able to use in the food industry. It summarizes the properties of Dtagatose, physical and also chemical, the possibility of production from lactose or bacterial action on Dtalitol. The basic information about the properties of Dtagatosy also discusses the actual metabolism of Dtagatose, prebiotic properties and their effect in the gastrointestinal tract. Dtagatose is a proposed new sweetener, because the possibility can not be missed in certain applications tagatose in a different types of foods for example confectionery. And positive qualities in comparison with sucrose. This comparison is made to examples of disease associated with excessive use of conventional sweeteners sucrose. This paper also discusses possibilities Dtagatose determination in foods by different methods.
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