|
|
Ethics in the Chinese Debate of Science and Life Philosophies: Wu Zhihui
Typl, Lukáš ; Hudeček, Jiří (advisor) ; Lomová, Olga (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to eleborate a detailed analysis of Wu Zhihui`s essay: New faith and its view of the universe and of man and attempts to fill the still large gap in secondary literature. The method focuses on basic interpretations of Wu Zhihui's ideas and putting them into the context of Western philosophy. It emphasizes direct quotations and translations of key texts to Czech language. Through the analysis of his view of faith, knowledge, metaphysics, cosmology, ontology and human life attempts to uncover the grounds of Wu Zhihui`s ethics and basic philosophical theses of this significant thinker of atheism, humanism and modern ethics. Key words Ethics, cosmology, metaphysics, philosophy of man, China, Wu Zhihui, atheism, materialism, faith
|
|
|
Schopenhauer's View of Human
Najman, Jiří ; Blažková, Miloslava (advisor) ; Hogenová, Anna (referee)
7 Abstract The aim of this thesis is to clear up the role of human in Schopenhauer's philosophical thinking. This goal could have been achieved only by clarifying the world's metaphysical substance. This substance proved to be the cruel will that manifests itself through the platonic ideas. It was shown that each human being is part of this eternal substance. Intellect, as explained in the thesis, is primarily mere instrument of the will designed to deliver motives. For this reason, the majority of people in different ways continually keep satisfying thein needs, therefore almost everyone enjoys the opinion of will affirmation. People constantly succumb to disilusion, which proved to be egoism. Therefore, what appears to be the greatest good for most of us is actually only good for the evil substance. Blind will plays with us so fraudulent and truly perverse game that most of us can never win. However, I have pointed out that there were some individuals who had been endowed by excessively developed intellect power. Only this paradoxically almost unnaturally developed power of intellect can lead to knowledge that the blind will in its game with people plays unfairly. I also presented three groups of people who are capable of that kind of knowledge. The first group are genius people who can plunge into a...
|
|
|
Dunamis and Energeia: A Contribution to Interpretation of Aristotle's Metaphysics
Rabas, Martin ; Němec, Václav (advisor) ; Špinka, Štěpán (referee)
in English: In the first half of the book Theta of his Metaphysics, Aristotle discusses dunamis as a property of a being. In this sense, dunamis is primarily a principle of change in another thing or in the thing itself qua other, thereby exercising itself in its energeia. In the second half of the book, Aristotle discusses dunamis as a way of being. In this sense, a being is dunamei another thing and in the course of its becoming that thing it changes into being energeiai. The aim of the present thesis is to offer an interpretation of the concepts of dunamis and energeia as they appear in the chapters 1, 2 and partly 6 of the book Theta. The first question is how the concepts of dunamis and energeia in both parts fit together. The problem is posed as follows: Are dunamis in the sense of a principle of change and dunamis as a way of being mutually dependent? Are energeia as change and being energeiai related? Are they not, in fact, two relatively independent philosophical concepts, relative to whether being is regarded from the point of view of physics, respectively metaphysics? Based on the interpretation of Aristotle's statements, the thesis aims to argue that Aristotle starts his exposition with the analysis of dunamis in the sense of a principle of change precisely in order to show the...
|
|
|
Two Ways of Being: Potentiality and Actuality. A Contribution to Interpretation of Aristotle's Metaphysics
Rabas, Martin ; Němec, Václav (advisor) ; Špinka, Štěpán (referee)
in English: In the first half of the book Theta of his Metaphysics, Aristotle discusses dunamis as a property of a being. In this sense, dunamis is primarily a principle of change in another thing or in the thing itself qua other, thereby exercising itself in its energeia. In the second half of the book, Aristotle discusses dunamis as a way of being. In this sense, a being is dunamei another thing and in the course of its becoming that thing it changes into being energeiai. The aim of the present thesis is to offer an interpretation of the concepts of dunamis and energeia as they appear in the chapters 1, 2, 6 and partly 7 of the book Theta. The first question is how the concepts of dunamis and energeia in both parts fit together. The problem is posed as follows: Are dunamis in the sense of a principle of change and dunamis as a way of being mutually dependent? Are energeia as change and being energeiai related? Are they not, in fact, two relatively independent philosophical concepts, relative to whether being is regarded from the point of view of physics, respectively metaphysics? Based on the interpretation of Aristotle's statements, the thesis aims to argue that Aristotle starts his exposition with the analysis of dunamis in the sense of a principle of change precisely in order to show the...
|
|
| |
|
|
"All this little affair with 'being' is over:" Metaphysical Crisis in Virginia Woolf's The Waves
Opravil, Vít ; Procházka, Martin (advisor) ; Vichnar, David (referee)
Thesis Abstract The present thesis sets out to follow three different problems in the metaphysics of Virginia Woolf's late novel The Waves and contrast them with the theories of three thinkers - Gilles Deleuze, Félix Guattari and Jacques Derrida. First chapter discusses Woolf's approach to subjectivity. It is shown that Deleuze's and Guattari's method establishing subjectivity as a by- product of a machinic assemblage is particularly fruitful in reading the characters in the first four chapters where their bodies and their "subjectivities" form in diverse ways. D&G comment on the waves of the lyrical passages as an abstract machine of which the character-assemblages are actualizations. They do not, however, comment on the territorialising function of sunlight which seems to be equally important and therefore needs to be analysed. This function corresponds with the ever growing oedipalisation of the characters, which finds its summit in the fifth chapter of the novel and transforms a deterritorialised rhizome into a reterritorialized (or oedipalised) signifying system. The second chapter discusses how the functioning of the territorial machine of the sun reduces the rhizome into a centralised system whose centre can be understood through the prism of Derrida's theory of structure as a play of...
|
|
|
Late Wittgenstein's Metaphysics
Shchelkalin, Dmitry ; Kolman, Vojtěch (advisor) ; Hill, James (referee)
Presented interpretation of the Wittgenstein's writings aims to clarify the particular aspects of his work, with an emphasis on the themes of language concepts and philosophical methods in the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, Philosophical Investigations, On Certainty and others. Plausibile understanding of Wittgenstein's positions within the classical philosophical and theoretical categories based on this analysis of the grammatical rules of language in their forms of life and of objective certainties and their application within the required method of philosophy shows the fact that normal categories are not completely compatible with Wittgenstein's positions, therefore, suggest a moderate realistic reading which will not neglect its semantics in a pragmatic overlap in non-structuralist approach. Ivestigating key Wittgenstein's ideas and methods of their presentation from early to late period allows us to eliminate improper interpretation - I mean first of all metaphysical and ontological connotations that bind to the early period. It turns out that these connotations can not be documented in the studied texts in any concrete and explicit theory, although his work has otherwise quite obvious continuity in the individual topics approaching. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
|
|
|
The definition of religion from the point of view of Ch. S. Pierce's Semiotics
Bromková, Petra ; Karľa, Michal (advisor) ; Švantner, Martin (referee)
The work is focused on delimiting the basic problematic of definition of religion in terms of Charles Sanders Peirce's semiotics. Its objective is througt selected Peirce's texts to interpret Peirce's philosophy of religion, which consists of concept of religion closely connected with Peirce's metaphysics, phaneroscopy, semiotics and agapism. It focuses primarily on Peirce's theory of evolution, the idea of God, the pragmatic way of inference through which one can come to the idea of God, and the relationship between religion and science. I conclude through the interpretation of Ch. S. Peirce's texts that the precise definition of religion can not be pursued in his theory. Even so, the semiotic conception of religion brings a new perspective: the religion could be based on the same principles that govern the science. It can also be understood as a community of people continually striving for truth. This community of people searches in its investigation for answers to the questions about theological ideals. The precondition of faith of individual members of religious communities is an experience of God, who is a perfect and the most general sign and together growth and semiosis in the universe, which people interpret. A believer comes to the worship of God through Musement, a special purposeless...
|
|
|
Language, speech and understanding
Zajíc, Václav ; Novák, Aleš (advisor) ; Benyovszky, Ladislav (referee) ; Zika, Richard (referee)
This thesis studies different conceptions of knowledge as they were conceived by George Berkeley and Immanuel Kant. In the first chapter we concentrate on Berkeley's pragmatic interpretation of knowledge which is based on the localization of the non-predicative judgements into the inner structure of perception. As the result there is such knowledge which is by human being used to identification of conditions for the formation of particular combinations of ideas and also to their more or less exact prognosis. We concentrate also on Berkeley's attempt to avoid "ontological" or "absolute" interpretations of "traditional concepts of metaphysics" as ,substance', an absolute existence of non-egoistic matterial being etc. In the second chapter of this thesis we are trying to study in which way is the idea of knowledge being transformed, in case that the starting point for interpretation of knowledge is, according to Kant, descriptive analysis of synthetic judgements a priori, whose proposition is the synthesis of subject and predicate. We will show that Kant contributed to the new understanding of metaphysics as transcendental research possibility of knowledge, and how were thanks to that meanings and status of subject and object transformed. We will make in the third and closing chapter complete...
|
|
|
The 1923 Chinese Debate on Science and the Philosophy of Life
Švarný, Michal ; Hudeček, Jiří (advisor) ; Lomová, Olga (referee)
The Debate on Science and the Philosophy of life, which took place on the pages of several important journals in China during the year 1923, is an important witness to the evolution of the Chinese way of thinking. At this period, the Chinese society critically reflected upon its traditional culture and on the influences from the western civilization. Therefore many significant Chinese scientists, philosophers and journalists took part in this debate. This text's aims are the following: to create a concise report about the debate, its context, process and the evolution of its perception in the later periods in China or elsewhere and also to present in more detail three the topics that are significant for the whole debate. These topics can be used to investigate the variety of views among the debate's participants. The three topics covered are: (1) the concept of metaphysics, (2) free will and causality with regards to morality, and (3) education. The investigation of these topics allows us also to critically reflect upon the usual perception of the debate as a whole. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
|
guest ::
