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The Effects of Different Malaria Prevention Measures: Panel Data Analysis
Pavelková, Adéla ; Pertold-Gebicka, Barbara (advisor) ; Bryndová, Lucie (referee)
The main aim of this diploma thesis was to explore the topic of malaria preventive measures. Concretely, to study which preventive measures are useful and to see how they are distributed around the world. For international organizations, this is very important as they need to know whether funds allocated for malaria aid are distributed effectively. This study is using manually compounded data from the World Health Organization for all countries threatened by malaria mostly from 2001 to 2018. For this purpose, panel data regression methods using robust standard errors, bootstrapping and cluster analysis were used. The results showed that generally, the most useful preventive measures are indoor-residual sprayings, a combination of sprayings and insecticide-treated nets and rapid diagnostic tests. Furthermore, the effect of the population living in rural areas is significant. Besides, gross domestic product is a very important factor for African countries. The stability analysis - bootstrapping - confirmed our results. However, we examined that insecticide-treated nets are still the most distributed measures. Doing the cluster analysis, we observed that countries on the same continent should not be treated similarly and we emphasized countries that should receive higher attention. Overall, the...
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Development of insecticides inhibiting acetylcholineseterase
Mányová, Brigita ; Vopršalová, Marie (advisor) ; Maixnerová, Jana (referee)
Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology Student: Brigita Mányová Supervisor: PharmDr. Marie Vopršalová, CSc. Supervisor-specialist: PharmDr. Vendula Hepnarová, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: Development of insecticides inhibiting acetylcholineseterase Pest insects cause problems and damage all over the world. They are vectors of serious diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, Zika virus disease and chikungunya disease. They cause huge damage to agricultural crops and are annoying to everyday life in living spaces. The aim of this diploma thesis was in vitro testing of selected compounds from the group of bis-isoquinoline and bispyridinium acetylcholinesterase inhibitors as potential insecticides. Another goal was also to create relationships between structure and effect. The ability of these compounds to inhibit both human (hAChE) and fly acetylcholinesterase (MdAChE) was evaluated. The modified Ellman spectrophotometric method was used. The half inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were obtained for both enzymes and the selectivity indexes (SI) were then calculated. Compounds having IC50s in micromolar or nanomolar range and exhibiting selectivity for MdAChE were most desirable. During the testing of these inhibitors, three...
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Avian malaria parasites and their vectors
Synek, Petr ; Munclinger, Pavel (advisor) ; Hypša, Václav (referee) ; Široký, Pavel. (referee)
Parasites causing avian malaria belong to the group Haemosporida, which represents a monophyletic group of dixenic protists within Apicomplexa. Their asexual reproduction takes place in a vertebrate intermediate host, and the formation of gametes and sporogony occur in blood-sucking dipteran insects, which are the definitive hosts of these parasites. Three main genera (Plasmodium, Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon) are found mostly in their avian hosts. We focused on the Haemosporida of wild birds and their transmission by insect vectors in natural populations, which had previously been a neglected area. Our results were obtained both by traditional methods (investigation of infections by microscopy of blood smears) and mainly by molecular methods (e.g. nested PCR) centered around work with unique haplotypes of the haemosporid lineages. The aim of our work was to determine the range of possible insect vectors of avian haemosporidians in the territory of the Czech Republic, taking into account the specificity of the parasites within these vectors, and to describe the diversity of haemosporidians in the populations of their bird intermediate hosts. We chose four different species of birds from four orders (Passeriformes, Strigiformes, Accipitriformes, and Galliformes). As potential vectors of avian...
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Transgenic mosquitos as a tool for lower incidence of malaria
Čermáková, Eliška ; Schierová, Michaela (advisor) ; Král, Jiří (referee)
Malaria is an infectious disease causing high lethality, mainly in tropic and subtropic Africa. The disease is caused by unicellular Plasmodium and transmitted by infected Anopheles mosquito females. Genetic manipulations in mosquitos are promising approach in malaria vector control. There are two important ways of genetic manipulations in mosquitos: reduction and substitution strategies. In the former one, transgenic male mosquitos are used to achieve long term mosquito population size reduction. The aim of different substitution strategies is the production of transgenic mosquitos refractory to Plasmodium infection, unable to ensure Plasmodium development. These transgenic insects should replace the original mosquito population. Both strategies are under proposals and testing in laboratory conditions. Key words: Transgenic mosquitos, vector, Plasmodium, malaria
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Gene manupulations in invertebrates
Čermáková, Eliška ; Schierová, Michaela (advisor) ; Konopásek, Ivo (referee)
Gene manipulations in invertebrates are based on the same approches used in vertebrates. The are applied for the development of new genotypes in model species, convenient as model systems of human hereditary diseases etc. Gene manipulations are important as well for practical purposes, which is shown by the example of trangenic mosquitoes. Recently, it has been proved that programmable nucleases can be successfully used in invertebrates. Key words: Gene manipulations, invertebrates, methods, applications, Drosophila melanogaster, Anopheles, Bombyx mori, malaria
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Infectious diseases and migration
Vostrá, Jana ; Dzúrová, Dagmar (advisor) ; Seidlová, Markéta (referee)
The topic of this diploma thesis is Infectious diseases and migration. Its aim is to assess the distribution of selected infectious diseases in the world and in Europe, with a focus on Czech context. While from the literature it can be concluded that the spread of serious infectious diseases is conditioned by migration, based on the available data it cannot be confirmed that immigration currently constitutes a significant threat for Czech citizens.
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Latitudinal trends in prevalence and diversity of parasites and pathogens of vertebrates
Wichová, Eliška ; Albrecht, Tomáš (advisor) ; Reif, Jiří (referee)
The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) indicates a decrease of species richness from equatorial regions toward poles and it is known as a biogeographical pattern applicable for the majority of free-living animals and plant species. Many hypotheses link this phenomenon with a high measure of biotic interactions at low latitudes, which play an important role in the origin and maintenance of species diversity. One of these interactions is the host-parasite relationship. The aim of this thesis is to summary recent investigations of parasitic and pathogenic occurence according to latitude for representative groups of host vertebrates with focus on diversity (number of infectious species per host species) and prevalence (the total number of infected cases per whole population at specific time). Using comparative approaches was revealed, that latitudinal gradient in richness and prevalence is characteristic particularly for vector-born parasites of terrestrial vertebrates and ectoparasites of marine fish.
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Periodic Water Bodies and Their Biota.
Bušová, Tereza ; Říhová, Dagmar (advisor) ; Škodová, Jana (referee)
This thesis is focused on a description of small periodic water bodies and their biota. These telms are formed as a result of heavy spring rains, floods, melting snow or the ground water level rising. They are formed on green parts, non-green parts or fallen parts of a plant (in that case they are called phytotelmes), in water-filled tree-holes (dendrotelmes), in fissures of rocks (lithotelms) or in various cavities, artificially created by human - in empty jars, water- filled tires, flower-holding vases in cemeteries etc. The thesis deals mainly with dendrotelmes and phytotelmes which are the most frequent, especially in tropics. It provides the information about their formation and animals that lives in these small habitats. Also, a taxonomical review of the main reported fauna was added for better orientation of the reader. The most common taxa which occur in temporary pools are families of mosquitoes (Culicidae), chironomids (Chironomidae) and ceratopogonids (Ceratopogonidae). There are also present other Dipteran larvae or larvae of scirtid beetles from the family Helodidae. Some of the animals living in the pools used different evolution strategies to be well adapted to deal with periodicity and drying out of the water bodies. Their overview is also included in this thesis. Furthermore,...
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The relation of the population's health condition and the system AB0.
Pavlíková, Zuzana ; Peterka, Miroslav (advisor) ; Likovský, Zbyněk (referee)
This work is a summary of observations about relationships between AB0 blood groups and occurrence of certain diseases. To diseases mentioned in this work belong different types of cancer, malaria, leprosy, small-pox, vitiligo and many others. Marked association with AB0 blood groups was found for cancer of stomach, ovarian cancer, peptic ulcers and cholera. The results for other diseases are not evident or on their relationship to blood groups were not made enough confirmative studies.
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Adumbration of Malaria in Africa
Houšková, Barbora ; Kofroň, Jan (referee) ; Frajer, Václav (advisor)
This bachelor thesis is devoted to malaria, its geografic extension and the fight against this illness. Malaria affects tropics and subtropics and mainly on the African continent the malaria influences lives of millions inhabitations. Disease is caused by the parasite Plasmodium, which is transmitted by mosquitoes. As a result of extreme poverty associated with lack of protection and prevention against the malaria, this illness is causing major problems in Africa. Fight against malaria is long and more or less unsseccful for the present. At the beginning of this thesis is characterization of the disease, this thesis is devoted geografical extension of malaria, the most detailed description is devoted the most disabled states of Africa. At the end of the thesis are given economic and social consequences of malaria. Key words: malaria, tropics and subtropics, Third World, the fight against malaria
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