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The importance of mycorrhizal fungi in the root decomposition.
Haiclová, Klára ; Kohout, Petr (advisor) ; Kolaříková, Zuzana (referee)
Mycorrhizal fungi are known as symbionts of many plant species. Fungi provide better access to mineral nutrients and water for host plants, and in return fungi receive carbohydrates from plants. Although a significant proportion of organic matter is bound in the root biomass, little is known about the factors affecting root decomposition. Understanding the process of root decomposition and the factors that affect it, is important to us. Knowledge of root decomposition helps us understand the carbon cycle and answer questions about carbon sequestration in soil. This Bachelor's thesis is focused on the importance and function of mycorrhizal fungi during root decomposition. It describes the influence of mycorrhizal fungi on the decomposition of fine roots colonized by mycorrhizae, the ability of mycorrhizal fungi to decompose organic matter and influence the decomposition rate through competition with saprotrophic organisms. Keywords: mycorrhizal fungi, roots, decomposition, rate, organic matter, soil, importance, carbon sequestration
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Identification of membrane transporters involved in carbon flux in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis
Konečný, Jan ; Kohout, Petr (referee)
Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis is one of the oldest and still most common interactions. This relationship between small soil fungi and plant roots, especially herbs, is the subject of research with, among other things, a promising use in sustainable agriculture. However, intensive research is also taking place at the cellular and molecular level, as the exact mechanisms of functioning of this symbiosis are still shrouded in mystery. Understanding these processes is desirable not only in the boom of genetic engineering. A commonly used model organism for the research of plant symbioses is a smaller legume of the genus medick - Medicago truncatula. Using a microarray for all known M. truncatula genes and by comparing mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants, the author identified several genes that could participate in symbiosis and he wrote a thesis from these results. In a follow-up experiment with an intervention in plant physiology, the authors of the article (Konečný et al., 2019) point to the probable involvement of some previously unreported genes in symbiosis, but also to different modes of regulation in genes whose probable symbiotic function is already published. This rigorous thesis focuses on the introduction of the first-author publication, a closer explanation of the experiment, which is not...
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Trait ecology of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Hudáková, Zuzana ; Kohout, Petr (advisor) ; Ponert, Jan (referee)
Arbuscular mycorrhiza is a type of mutualistic symbiosis between fungi of the Glomeromycota division and the roots of vascular plants, which is the most common kind of mycorrhiza in the world. It is based on the exchange of substances, where the mycorrhizal fungus provides the plant with mineral nutrition and protection against pathogens and stress, and its plant host returns its products of assimilation. The phylogenetic classification of the division is equivocal, and we recognise two views on their categorisation into taxonomic groups, according to the morphology of their spores or by molecular methods, which is based on the rDNA sequence. The aim of the work is to characterise the influence of different taxa of the Glomeromycota division on the host based on their spores and the type of mycelium they prefer to form. This also affects the possibilities of the fungus, by which it can influence the life of the host plant. Key words: arbuscular mycorrhiza, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Glomeromycota, spores, intraradical mycelium, extraradical mycelium, functional traits
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Life history strategies of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Fričová, Renata ; Janoušková, Martina (advisor) ; Kohout, Petr (referee)
Arbuscular mycorrhiza is a symbiotic interaction of vascular plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi from subphylum Glomeromycotina. Currently, it is difficult to predict the population dynamics of AM fungal communities, mainly because little is known about their life-history strategies. However, it is clear that AM fungi differ in a range of traits. Physiological and ecological differences between AM fungi can affect the outcome of their competition as well as cooperation with the plant symbiont and the successional dynamics of the whole community. In order to advance our knowledge of AM fungal life-history strategies, it is crucial to deepen our understanding of the traits and factors that modify interactions between the symbionts. This bachelor thesis is designed as a literature survey aimed at summarizing knowledge about functional traits of AM fungi and the impact of these traits on their life-history strategies. Key words: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, life-history strategies, host plant, traits, mycelium, colonization, competition, community, succession
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Contribution of arbuscular mycorrhiza to ecosystem services in agroecosystems
Šabatková, Zuzana ; Janoušková, Martina (advisor) ; Kohout, Petr (referee)
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are significant plant mutualists providing their host plants with many benefits. For efficient use of arbuscular mycorrhiza in agricultural systems, it is important to understand factors, which can influence the beneficial effects of the symbiosis, and how arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alter plant physiological mechanisms. If used correctly, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi could importantly contribute to various ecosystem services in agroecosystems and thus alleviate yield losses and decrease the negative impact of agriculture on ecosystems. This thesis summarizes the impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on crop plants in agroecosystems, their occurence in agricultural systems, particularly in arable soils, as well as their contribution to selected ecosystem services in agroecosystems. Key words: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, ecosystem services, agroecosystem, soil formation, environmental stress, plant resistence
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Role of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal communities among plants from different functional groups
Novák, Václav ; Kohout, Petr (advisor) ; Kolaříková, Zuzana (referee)
Arbuscular mycorrhiza is a type of mutualistic symbiosis between most plant species and fungi from the phylum Glomeromycota. Both partners exchange nutrients. The fungus provides inorganic substances especially phosphorus and receives the products of photosynthesis from the plant. Mycorrhiza also affects plant growth and resistance against pathogens. The composition of AM fungi community is, apart from abiotic factors, also driven by the host plant traits such as photosynthetic type, growth form, life cycle, CSR strategy, N-fixation or mycorrhizal status. The role of mycorrhizae also differs among different plant functional types. This thesis describes the differences in composition and diversity of AM fungal communities among plants with different ecophysiological traits and summarizes the role of mycorrhiza for different plant functional types.
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Biotic threats to garden monuments: algae, cyanobacteria and invasive plant species
Pergl, Jan ; Perglová, Irena ; Albrechtová, J. ; Antl, Tomáš ; Abarenkov, K. ; Baldrian, Petr ; Cihlářová, L. ; Klečka, Jan ; Kohout, Petr ; Kvasničková, Jana ; Maršálek, Blahoslav ; Maršálková, Eliška ; Pejchal, Miloš ; Petružálková, M. ; Petřík, Petr ; Pyšek, Petr ; Sádlo, Jiří ; Štefl, Lukáš ; Tedersoo, L. ; Větrovský, T. ; Vlk, Lukáš ; Vojík, Martin ; Vosátka, Miroslav ; Zezulka, Štěpán
Chateau, city parks and gardens are perceived as harmonious parts of the landscape. Unfortunately, even these areas have to face various threats, and they can be a threat to the surrounding environment. The exhibition /catalogue presents a look at the organisms that threaten parks. These threats cover unwelcomed invaders covering invasive plants and small microorganisms in the soil, on facades, statues or in water. On the other hand, some species that are intentionally brought to the parks can be risky not only the gardens themselves but also their surroundings.
Fulltext:  PDF
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Effect of increased temperature on fungal necromass decomposition in tundra
Moravcová, Andrea ; Kohout, Petr (advisor) ; Kolaříková, Zuzana (referee)
This diploma thesis deals with the decomposition of fungal necromass in the Arctic tundra (Svalbard archipelago) under the factor of climate change (simulated by an increased temperature inside the Open Top Chamber). The dynamics of fungal necromass decomposition of two selected fungi, which differ in the level of melanin content and in C:N ratio - Laccaria laccata (hyaline, lower C:N ratio) and Phialocephala fortinii (melanized, higher C:N ratio), was compared. The aim of the work was to evaluate the influence of melanization level of fungal necromass and elevated temperature on the dynamics of fungal necromass decomposition and on the community composition of the decomposers (fungi, bacteria). The experiment focused on monitoring the dynamics of fungal necromass decomposition, changes in enzyme activity, changes in melanin content and C:N ratio during decomposition, as well as on the analysis of the microbial community composition on decomposing mycelium. Throughout the whole incubation, the necromass of P. fortinii decomposed more slowly than the necromass of L. laccata. The differences in the dynamics of decomposition were mainly due to the biochemical composition of the fungal necromass (C:N ratio and melanin content). The melanin content increased in both types of mycelium during...
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Mycorrhizal fungal diversity along altitudinal gradients
Schultzová, Pavlína ; Kohout, Petr (advisor) ; Mašínová, Tereza (referee)
Mycorrhizal symbiosis is an integral component of all terrestrial ecosystems and the most widespread mutualistic association in the world. Nevertheless, our current knowledge regarding diversity patterns of mycorrhizal fungi along altitudinal gradients is considerably limited. Published studies to date suggest either a decrease in mycorrhizal fungal diversity with increasing elevation or a hump-shaped pattern, similar to the general altitudinal diversity patterns that have been observed in macroorganisms. Lower mycorrhizal fungal diversity at higher elevations in some regions may significantly impact host plants migrating upward due to global warming. Therefore, insights into the shifts in mycorrhizal fungal distribution along elevational gradients can provide better predictions of future effects of climate change on mycorrhizal fungi and host plants. In order to advance our knowledge of mycorrhizal fungal diversity, it is crucial to deepen our understanding of the factors that shape mycorrhizal fungal responses along altitudinal gradients.
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