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Logos in Aristotle's ethics
Adamec, Jaromír ; Špinka, Štěpán (advisor) ; Thein, Karel (referee)
The aim of the diploma theses "Logos in Aristotle Ethics" is to interpret meaning of the term "logos" in Aristotle's work "Nicomachean Ethics". The basic methodical guideline is the structuralist assumption, that a meaning of a term is determined by its relations to other terms contained within the text, and the related assumption of unity of the meaning of the term "logos". The interpretation itself first analyzes structure of several crucial terms, most importantly the relation of a human individual to the society, the concepts of the good, the reality and the possibility, the true and the illusory, and the concept of the natural. The structure of use of the term "logos" is then analyzed in relation to these concepts. These investigations are completed by analysis of the terms of virtue and action. By the means of the structural analysis of these terms, the existence of a distinctive level of reality is established, which is captured by the term "humanity". The existence of humanity is the central point of interest in Aristotle's ethics. In the horizontal regard, there are two poles of humanity - the individual human and the society. In the vertical regard, the humanity is situated between divinity, to which it is related, and bestiality, to which it threatens to fall. Logos is then a kind of...
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Way of thinking by philosopher - dissident Bohumir Janat
Zemanová, Kristýna ; Hogenová, Anna (advisor) ; Jirásková, Věra (referee)
Dissertation "A thought journey of a philosopher-disident Bohumír Janát" deals with the life and work of a Christian philosopher and spokesman of Charter 77. The work is not divided into two parts, but each chapter includes both his personal and professional life as well as analysis of Janáts texts. The work begins with Janáts childhood and his studies at the Faculty of Arts at Charles University in Prague and continues with the period from graduation until the year 1989 when his texts already contain motifs he was developing for the rest of his life. Year 1988 was particularly important as at this time he was the spokesman for Charter 77. The third section is the period from 1989 to Janáts death in November 1998 when he produced most of his work. The work is especially pointing out that Bohumir Janát was always a critic of present, he ran against the spirit of the time - during and even after a totalitarian regime end in November 1989. He saw the coup as a revelation of God's power, not as a revolution. He hoped for a change in the mindset of the nation, for a turnover to the sphere of ethics and spiritual deepening. Post- revolutionary development, however, was a deep disappointment for him. His inspiring thinkers were S. Dunne, H. D. Thoreau, T. G. Masaryk and F. Nietzsche, whose philosophy...
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Truth and Meaning: The Dialectics of Theory and Practice
Koreň, Ladislav ; Peregrin, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Kolman, Vojtěch (referee) ; Edwards, James (referee)
Tarski's semantic conception of truth is arguably the most influential - certainly, most discussed - modern conception of truth. It has provoked many different interpretations and reactions, some thinkers celebrating it for successfully explicating the notion of truth, whereas others have argued that it is no good as a philosophical account of truth. The aim of the thesis is to offer a systematic and critical investigation of its nature and significance, based on the thorough explanation of its conceptual, technical as well as historical underpinnings. The methodological strategy adopted in the thesis reflects the author's belief that in order to evaluate the import of Tarski's conception we need to understand what logical, mathematical and philosophical aspects it has, what role they play in his project of theoretical semantics, which of them hang in together, and which should be kept separate. Chapter 2 therefore starts with a detailed exposition of the conceptual and historical background of Tarski's semantic conception of truth and his method of truth definition for formalized languages, situating it within his project of theoretical semantics, and Chapter 3 explains the formal machinery of Tarski's truth definitions for increasingly more complex languages. Chapters 4-7 form the core of the...
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The Multiplicity of Being: The Ontology of Alain Badiou
Pivoda, Tomáš ; Petříček, Miroslav (advisor) ; Kouba, Petr (referee) ; Pechar, Jiří (referee)
Tomáš Pivoda, The Multiplicity of Being: The Ontology of Alain Badiou PhD thesis Abstract The thesis introduces for the first time in the Czech philosophical context the ontology of the French philosopher Alain Badiou, as he set it out in his fundamental work Being and Event (L'être et l'événement, 1988). It first presents the starting point of Badiou's philosophy as well as the reasons of his identification of ontology with the set theory, and it points out Badiou's importance for contemporary philosophy, especially for the so called speculative realism around Quentin Meillassoux. The main axis of the exposition is then built around Badiou's four fundamental "Ideas": the multiplicity, the event, the truths and the subject, in connection with which it is shown how Badiou constructs his conceptual apparatus out of individual axioms of the set theory, whereby he follows the basic formal definition of multiplicity based on the operator . In connection with∈ the first Idea of multiplicity, the thesis exposes - with references to Martin Heidegger and Plato - Badiou's conceptual transposition of the couple one/multiple on the couple existence/being and defines the fundamental concepts of his ontology - the situation, the presentation, the representation and the void, with the help of which Badiou interprets...
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Interpretation of Freedom in the Work of Jan Hus and his Sources at St. Augustinus
Schmitzer, Jiří ; Blažková, Miloslava (advisor) ; Hogenová, Anna (referee)
The paper focus on Jan Hus and T.G.Masaryk and their contribution to the Czech philosophy. The emphasis is given mainly to the parts of their lives and work which include timeless moral message. The aim of the paper is not to offer detailed analysis of the philosophical texts but rather to track fundamental moral accents they include and their impact on Czech philosophical landscape. Brief overview Hus' and Masaryk's important life events and decisions is used to describe a practical dimension of their philosophy. The reflection of the Hus' and Masaryk's works follows approach and intepretation of Erazim Kohák's books. With their help the paper tries to indentify meaning of Czechness as it was defined and shaped by Masaryk and Hus.
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Čapek's concept of the truth and everyday reality
Černá, Zuzana ; Blažková, Miloslava (advisor) ; Hauser, Michael (referee)
The diploma thesis deals with the philosophical basis of Čapek's prose. At the beginning of this work, the topic is concentrated around the personality of Čapek and his life influenced by the philosophical attitude of pragmatism. Further on in the study it has been dealt with the pragmatism itself. The work is focused on the prose such as "Boží muka" ,"Hordubal", "Povětroň", "Obyčejný život" and "Život a dílo skladatele Foltýna", where Čapek viewpoints of the truth and knowledge are being tried to search for. The influence of pragmatism on Čapek's personality along with his own conception of this philosophical theory is demonstrated on the excerpts. The work also shows humanistic values that Čapek advocated and subsequently applied into his work of art.
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Federalization of Czechoslovakia in 1968 and its reflection in Czech and Slovak daily press
Jozífek, Radek ; Bednařík, Petr (advisor) ; Benda, Josef (referee)
Thesis "Federalization of Czechoslovakia in 1968 and its reflection in Czech and Slovak daily press" deals with the way selected Czech and Slovak newspapers reflected preparations and enactment of "Czechoslovak federation Act". Thesis is composed of four parts. The first describes history and evolution of relations between Czechs and Slovaks: foundation of their common state, creation of separate Slovak state, reconstruction of the republic after Second World War and later events. It explains why federalization was so important topic for Slovaks in 1968. The second part explores the situation of media in Czechoslovakia in 1968, when the censorship was banned during liberalization process of "Prague Spring". However, this process was cut off by the invasion of members of Warsaw Pact to the country. The third part is concerned with "Czechoslovak federation Act" itself, frames this important amendment of "Socialist" constitution from 1960 in Czech constitutional history. The fourth part reviews the way how Czech (Rudé právo, Svobodné slovo, Lidová demokracie) and Slovak newspapers (Pravda, Hlas ľudu, Smer) reflected federalization in selected time periods of 1968 and 1969.
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Ideology of Liberalism, or Ideology after its own End
Korda, Tomáš ; Suša, Oleg (advisor) ; Hauser, Michael (referee)
The essay begins with Benjamin`s comprehension of truth and his method of constellation which aims to the truth. I connect the method to the act of naming, which I derive from comprehension of subject in German idealism. Method is necessary condition for very constellation of liberal ideology. Contemporary liberalism thus does not only symbolize time after "the end ideology", but even space of time, when the ideology acquire its own most effective form. "The truth became most effective form of lie." In this sense I continue in critique of postmodernism as the ideology of late capitalism. In fine I outline the way to postmodernism by force of "risk thinking" which remains faithful to dialectic. Solely immanent critique which is far from normative critique of postmodernism sets in motion rigid conditions caused by omnipresent ideology.
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