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The importance of cell-free HPV DNA detection
Milt, Petr ; Saláková, Martina (advisor) ; Horníková, Lenka (referee)
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are small, nonenveloped DNA viruses that are abundant in the population. They are sexually transmitted or spread by close contact with mucosa and skin. Papillomaviruses can cause lesions and warts on the skin and mucosa. In addition, high-risk HPV types, especially HPV 16 and 18, are associated with squamous cell carcinomas such as cervical cancer, oropharyngeal cancer and carcinomas of the vulva, anus, penis and vagina. Early detection and the right evaluation of the risk of recurrence are crucial for effective treatment. Cell-free DNA released from cells into body fluids has potential in cancer diagnosis. Cell-free circulating HPV DNA, in the blood of patients with HPV-associated cancers is a promising and highly sensitive biomarker, useful for monitoring treatment efficiency, early detection of the disease and estimation of recurrence risk. Key words: HPV, carcinogenesis, cfDNA, cfHPV DNA, significance of detection, cervical cancer, oropharyngeal cancer
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Human papillomavirus - prevention of cervical cancer and awareness of high school students about HPV viruses and their prevention
Dinga, Jana ; Thorovská, Alena (advisor) ; Zvírotský, Michal (referee)
This bachelor thesis is mainly focused on human papillomaviruses (HPV viruses), cervical cancer and primary prevention against HPV viruses. In the theoretical part, basic information about these viruses is described - from their history, epidemiology, risk factors that support the spread of viruses, to the ways of transmission of HPV infection and the division of HPV viruses according to their level of danger. The work also describes selected diseases caused by HPV viruses. Specifically, the work describes "less serious" genital warts (their epidemiology and incidence, mode of transmission and the way to treat or prevent this disease). A significant part of the work is devoted to cervical cancer as a disease caused by high-risk types of HPV viruses. The course of the disease and its individual phases are described in the thesis - from precancerous stages of cervical cancer to cervical cancer itself. A significant part of the work is devoted to the epidemiology of this disease and especially the possibilities of prevention against it (primary prevention, secondary prevention, etc.). In the research part, using the quantitative research method, I devised a questionnaire that was intended for high school students from the first to the fourth grade. Using the analysis of the results of the...
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Selected Bacterial and Viral Infections Transmitted through Sexual Contact
Tesařová, Kateřina ; Pavlasová, Lenka (advisor) ; Ehler, Edvard (referee)
Selected bacterial and viral infections transmitted through sexual contact The abstract This thesis deals with selected bacterial and viral venereal disease. It is an STD (Sexually Transmitted Diseases) transmitted mainly through sexual contact. The elaborated retrieval work deals with the occurrence of these selected infections - chlamydia, gonorrhea, chancroid, syphilis, hepatitis B, AIDS, genital herpes, genital warts and cervical cancer. Its task is a summary of the issue of sexually transmitted diseases, a detailed introduction to current information and results of scientific research. The attention is paid to the individual diseases, the general characteristics of viruses or bacteria, symptoms and mode of transmission. Further the study points to ways of diagnosis and treatment, epidemiological incidence of infection. Last but not least the emphasis is on prevention. Keywords: sexually transmitted disease, chlamydia, gonorrhea, chancroid, syphilis, hepatitis B, HIV / AIDS, genital herpes, genital wals, cervical cancer
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Stratification risk of disease progression in patients with abnormal cervical cytologic finding by means of molecular genetic analysis of selected biological factors
Gomolčáková, Barbora ; Kašpírková, Jana (advisor) ; Španielová, Hana (referee)
The aim of this thesis was to track the impact of selected herpesviruses, polyomaviruses, Chlamydia trachomatis and methylation of tumor supressor genes at the development and progression of high grade- lesion in HPV - positive patients by means of molecular-genetic techniques. Confirmation of these markers presence in women with severe lesions of cervix would help to raise necessary specificity of molecular genetics HPV testing and recommend it as a primary screening test for cervical carcinoma prevention. HPV testing could thus replace currently prevailing cytology which has relatively low sensitivity and therefore the number of false negative results. The analyzed samples consisted of cytological cervical smears of 51 HPV positive women, with histologically confirmed presence of severe lesions, collected in liquid medium. Samplings from 51 women without infection were used as a control. The possible effect on disease progress was confirmed only in the case of gene promoters' methylation whose presence was detected in up to 26 patients. It is, however, very unlikely that cancer would develop in all these women. This marker could thus help to stratify patients at risk but only to some extent. Although the individual effect of remaining markers has not been established in the carcinogenesis of cervical...
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Sexuality of patients after simple and radical hysterectomy for bening or malignant gynaecologic disease
Vrzáčková, Petra ; Sláma, Jiří (advisor) ; Tošner, Jindřich (referee) ; Kubíček, Vladimír (referee)
Background: Cervical carcinoma is frequently diagnosis of young, sexually active women. Radical hysterectomy, as a basic therapeutic modality of early stages of cervical cancer, has very positive oncogynaecologic results. On the opposite site it has it's significant morbidity including bladder and rectal dysfunctions, lymphedemas, and deterioration in patient's sexual life. Methods: Data of forty one patients undergoing radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer were used for analysis, as well as data of forty nine patients undergoing simple hysterectomy for benign gynacologic disease and fifty three healthy controls Participants filled out sexual function and quality of life questionnaires before surgery and three and six months postoperatively. Results: The most important finding was statistically significant worsening in objective arousal in cervical cancer patients (p = 0,041). Also decrease in libido and higher frequency of dyspareunia was registered. Patients undergoing simple hysterectomy showed decreasing trend in sexual dysfunctions, mainly in severe dyspareunia. Conclusions: Radical hysterectomy for cervical carcinoma has a risk of arousal disorder, libido decrease and worsening of dyspareunia. Psychosexual counselling decreases frequency of early postoperative sexual dysfunctions.
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Perineural spread of pelvic tumors: mechanism and diagnosis
Čapek, Štěpán ; Sameš, Martin (advisor) ; Haninec, Pavel (referee) ; Hořínek, Daniel (referee)
Perineural spread of pelvic tumors mechanism and diagnosis Abstract Neoplastic lumbosacral plexopathies are infrequent affections of the lumbosacral plexus. Cases with minimal or non-specific finding on imaging can be particularly puzzling to diagnose. We describe a series of patients with perineural spread from the site of the primary tumor along the visceral autonomous nerves to the lumbosacral plexus and further proximally to the spinal nerves and even intradurally and also distally to the sciatic nerve. On series of 17 patients diagnosed with perineural spread of pelvic malignancy we describe characteristic clinical presentation and imaging finding. In many of these cases a tissue biopsy is necessary to finalize the diagnosis. We describe operative technique of targeted fascicular biopsy of the sciatic nerve and our experience with this procedure. On series of 117 patients, we report the outcome and complication: diagnostic yield was 84.8% and complication rate was 2.7 %. If a tissue sample is needed to conclude the diagnosis, targeted fascicular biopsy does increase the yield at an acceptable complication rate. Perineural spread of pelvic cancer is a new clinical-pathological entity with an unknown natural history or ideal treatment strategy. Based on the imaging finding in this group we present a...
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Evaluation of postoperative lymphoedema after differently radical surgery for vulvar and cervical carcinoma
Nováčková, Marta ; Halaška, Michael (advisor) ; Špaček, Jiří (referee) ; Mlynček, Miloš (referee) ; Kučera, Eduard (referee)
The aim of this study was a prospective detection of postoperative lymphedema of the lower limbs in patients after the surgery for cervical and vulvar cancer using different methods of examination and their comparison and monitoring of postoperative complications and quality of life. Totally 78 women were followed after the surgery for cervical cancer and 36 for carcinoma of the vulva. Due to the radicality of the surgery the patients were divided into the conservative and radical groups. Lower limbs lymphedema were evaluated preoperatively and 3, 6 and 12 months after the surgery by the measurement of the lower limbs circumference, multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (MFBIA) and subjective feeling. Quality of life using the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) questionnaires was evaluated before and 6 and 12 month after the surgery. 12 months after the cervical cancer surgery 35.9 % of patients reported subjective lymphedema, 37.18 % lymphedema were objectively diagnosed by the measurement of lower limb circuits and in 52.56 % of cases the increase of amount of extracellular fluid was detected by the MFBIA Ri/R0 method. The prevalence of lymphedema after the surgery for vulvar cancer reached 19.44% by the subjective assessment, 38.89 % by the measurement of...
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The role of sentinel lymph node biopsy in the management of patients with early-stage cervical cancer
Kocián, Roman ; Cibula, David (advisor) ; Roztočil, Aleš (referee) ; Špaček, Jiří (referee)
The sentinel lymph node biopsy is part of recommended surgical staging guidelines in patients with early stages of cervical cancer. High success rates of bilateral detection of SLN are achieved in sites with adequate experience with this procedure. The sentinel lymph node biopsy without systematic pelvic lymph node dissection is currently considered inadequate procedure for stages IB to IIA of the disease. One of the benefits of sentinel lymph node detection is extensive histopathological examination using the ultrastaging protocol enabling detection of small metastases (i.e. micrometastases). At the moment, there is lack of evidence about oncological safety of sentinel lymph node biopsy which might replace systematic lymph node dissection in the future. Prognostic significance of micrometastases is also controversial due to the lack of data about their potential presence in non-sentinel lymph nodes in cases with negative sentinel lymph nodes. This dissertation deals with the concept of sentinel lymph node biopsy in the cervical cancer and focuses on several topics. We have shown that the presence of micrometastasis is associated with significant negative impact on patients' prognosis on the largest retrospective cohort of patients ever published. Only 67% of patients with micrometastasis have...
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Knowledge and attitudes to HPV immunisation IV
Jelínková, Tereza ; Zimčíková, Eva (advisor) ; Kolmanová, Eliška (referee)
Knowledge and attitudes to HPV immunisation IV Author: Tereza Jelínková Thesis supervisor: PharmDr. Eva Zimčíková, Ph.D. Introduction HPV infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases causing, apart from genital warts, other malignancies, most often cervical cancer. The most effective way of prevention is vaccination. So far, there have been 3 types of vaccines, most recent one being the nonavalent vaccine providing up to 90 % protection against cervical cancer- causing HPV, in contrast to the previously available 70 % protection from bivalent or quadrivalent vaccines. Aims The main aim of this thesis was to investigate the knowledge and attitudes towards vaccination against HPV, and knowledge about HPV in general, among secondary school students. Furthermore, to determine their vaccination status and compare the findings with data from previous theses, including a comparison of their knowledge about HPV and relevant prevention. Methodology The data was obtained by means of a questionnaire survey, which took place at three secondary schools. In December 2017 at Gymnázium in Mladá Boleslav, then during June 2018 at Gymnázium in Brandýs nad Labem, and finally in September 2018 at Gymnázium Chotěboř. The obtained data was recorded in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and then...
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