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Current possibilities of laboratory diagnostics of pneumococcal infections
ČAPKOVÁ, Irena
Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) can be common colonizing flora of human nasopharynx, but it also can be one of the main patogens causing invasive pneumococcal disease. It is diagnosed directly, using various methods, such as microscopy, cultivation, identification, or non-cultivation proof of antigen or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). First part of my thesis is dedicated to the description of the Streptococcus genus, including species S. pneumoniae. Morphology, physiology, antigenic structure, pathogenesis and pathogenicity of this bacterial race and species is described, as well as theoretical description of laboratory diagnostics methods. In methodics, the identification methods are described as they were used for diagnostics of S. pneumoniae in the Laboratory of medicinal microbiology, Department of bacteriology Nemocnice České Budějovice a.s. It also includes description of cultivation of biological samples, which was S. pneumoniae isolated from, and several identification tests which can differentiate S. pneumoniae from other viridans streptococci. Two basic, commonly used identification tests were used for diagnostics test of sensitivity to optochin and test of solubility in bile-sodium deoxycholate. Test of solubility using sodium deoxycholate is a basic test in diagnostics of S. pneumonia. Out of 127 species which were positive in the solubility test, 114 were also positively tested for sensitivity to optochin. Test of sensitivity to optochin had 89,9% accuracy. Four species primarily identified as viridans streptococci were tested using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI TOF MS). This specific, fast and accurate method cannot be fully used for identification of S. pneumoniae however, because its genotype is far too similar to the one of Streptococcus oralis/mitis. Two tests were used and described to prove the antigen S. pneumoniae imunochromatographic test and latex agglutination reaction. Out of 266 examined samples, antigen was found in fifteen cases in urine and cerebrospinal fluid using the imunochromatographic test, and in seven cases, the antigen was proved using the latex agglutination reaction. These two methods are highly specific and provide fast information about the presence of the antigen S. pneumoniae in the examined sample and subsequently about the possibility of pneumococcus infection. Another highly specific test used for diagnostics of severe pneumococcus diseases is DNA proof using PCR methods, which was successful in 5 cerebrospinal fluid samples, which were examined simultaneously in the Laboratory of molecular biology and genetics of Nemocnice České Budějovice a.s.
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Vietnam war during Lyndon B. Johnson presidency (1963-1969)
Adámek, Václav ; Horčička, Václav (advisor) ; Soukup, Jaromír (referee)
Second indo-Chinese war between communist North Vietnam and non-communist South Vietnam has become the longest war incident in twentieth century. President Johnson who inherited this problem after tragic assassination in November 1963 led USA into the war in Southeast Asia. L. B. Johnson preserves continuity of foreign politics of USA with President Kennedy's politics. USA strictly supported South Vietnam and was ready to risk an open war for its regime. The incident in Tonkin Gulf in August 1964 led to escalation of the war. A tension developed during next months when North Vietnam departed to guerilla war. The reaction of USA to guerilla war was huge bombing of North Vietnam and as well deploying thousands of American soldiers into service in land war operations. President Johnson's political credit was decreasing fast. An essential twist occurred in the beginning of the year 1968. Vietcong (South Vietnamese communist) and North Vietnam army launched the widest offensive during Vietnamese conflict on feast day Tet. Victorious wars become a fiasco under view of cameras and medias. After Tet offensive it was no longer possible to speak about USA victory. Medias, people and public opinion was not willing to continue in jungle war. President Johnson changed some top officers in army and personally announced...
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Callcentrum System Management in a chosen Firm
Guzi, Jan ; Černý, Jan (advisor) ; Novák, Michal (referee)
This thesis deals with operational management of an inbound call center and planning necessary work capacities. Company BEZREKLAMKY Ltd. established its own inbound call center, as a reaction to the dissatisfaction with the services of an external service provider and it is necessary to properly optimize operational capacities and human resources necessary to serve 5 to 7 thousand customer callers per month. Practical part of the thesis - planning of the workforce capacity, scheduling the shifts and planning the opening hours of the inbound call center - works with a rather extensive theoretical platform, which brings new views of operations management inbound call centre and also works with the internal and external surveys related to the functionality of newly established inbound call centre. Conclusions made on the basis of the theoretical part were applied directly to the planning and operational management of the inbound customer call centre. This thesis helped applied over 25 conclusions for the studied inbound call centers. The goals, which the company set out to fulfill, while planning the new department, are then partly validated via models of system dynamics and in the last section of the thesis reflects on the extent to which these goals are feasible.
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Phototherapy in dermatovenereology - methods and mechanisms
Benáková, Nina ; Cetkovská, Petra (advisor) ; Ditrichová, Dagmar (referee) ; Pavel, Stanislav (referee) ; Vašků, Vladimír (referee)
I choose the topic of phototherapy because of my longlasting interest in this field. Phototherapy is defined as the therapeutic use of light, primarily ultraviolet light. The mode of action on the skin is described as photobiological one and it has been continuously investigated. At its most basic level phototherapy represents the application of energy to skin, which means the delivery of photons to chromophores, the absorbtion of photons in chromophores and the biologic reaction of photon's absorbed energy. This causes the formation of heat and various biochemical effects in the skin. Previously the main role of UV light in phototherapy was thought to be the antimitotic and antiproliferative. Nowadays it is clear that beside them the mode of action is rather immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive. Further possible mechanism of the UV light are detected with increasing investigation of the immune system of skin. The rules and usages of phototherapy in practice at individual dermatological departments and offices differ and there is a need to improve and/or coordinate the protocols in order to reach the optimal risk/benfit ratio. That was one of the reasons for conducting the epidemiological study Phototherapy in Czech Republic. The results shows phototherapy to be an available and relative...
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Measurement of urine extinction in depending on ionizing radiation
RADOVÁ, Štěpánka
Urine Extinction Measurement in Dependence on Ionizing Radiation Dose Radiotherapeutic workplaces use ionizing radiation for treatment of tumorous but also some non-tumorous diseases. Medical staff of these departments is exposed to ionizing radiation on everyday basis and is thus endangered by harmful consequences. On the other hand a patient should be exposed to a neglect volume of ionizing radiation outside the radiated area. The conditions defining the means of protection for medical staff and patients are arranged by the law. So called dosimeters, are used for this purpose by medical staff, and urine might belong among them. This thesis deals with the issue whether urine could serve as a biological dosimeter that might be used either for continuous monitoring or for instantaneous determination of radiation dose. The next goal was to find out at what doses of ionizing radiation changes in urine extinction occur. The results show that urine provides qualitative but irreproducible values. Namely because of varying composition of urine and for presence of substances which, apart from water radiolysis, causing urine extinction changes, represent inhibitors or activators of these chemical reactions. This is why urine cannot serve as a biological dosimeter of radiation.
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Raman Microspectroscopy in Microfluidic Devices
Peksa, Vlastimil ; Mojzeš, Peter (advisor) ; Šloufová, Ivana (referee)
Miniaturization of devices to study chemical interactions and processes in liquid samples has led to the emergence of microfluidics and construction of lab-on-a-chip systems. Present work was devoted to implementation, development and testing of microfluidic systems with detection by confocal Raman microscopy and surface enhanced Raman scattering under the conditions of training department. Several options of performing standard macroscopic measurements in microscopic scales were explored. A method for measuring thermal stability of biopolymers in microsystems with contactless detection of temperature has been designed and tested. Furthermore, possibilites for studying the SERS effect within microfluidic channels were explored. It was demonstrated that the microfluidic chips provide promising opportunity to study hydrodynamics of liquids at microscopic level and chemical reactions and kinetics.
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Change management and human resources within an organization
Paulíková, Aneta ; Kocianová, Renata (advisor) ; Mužík, Jaroslav (referee)
The main purpose of this diploma thesis is the interconnection of three subjects. Change management, people management during changes and economic crisis, which has affected worldwide economics during the years of 2008 to 2010. The methods and tools of change management could be applied to any change concerning an organization. Starting with partial changes, changes in particular processes or departments, concluding with overall, strategic changes, such as company restructuring, reengineering, fusion etc. One type of the changes presents the external changes, such as the economic recession. However, this external change causes many internal changes, where the companies decrease the costs, restructure particular department and change the strategy. In connection with that, the work focuses on the area of people management from the point of the human resources managers as well as executive management. The process of managing changes resulting from the crisis is followed by many changes in the personnel management sector. In this paper are compared three independent researches concerning the reaction of companies to the unfavorable economical situation. All three researches are dated of 2009 and presents the findings of particular reactions of companies in the area of human resources (redundancies, wage...
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The dilemma of a social worker in connection with the proposed alternate care for minor
KUBÁTOVÁ, Renata
In the theoretical part, there I devote to the family itself, what are its functions, further I deal with a marriage and parenthood. In the next chapter I explain the divorce with minor children, causes of the divorce rate and the children´s reactions to the divorce. This is followed by a chapter on the social worker dealing with the children´s social and legal protection, his roles and competences, which dilemmas he encounters during his work. Last but not least I deal with the mutual and alternate care. What are prerequisites of the successful alternate care, its advantages and disadvantages. I chose a technique of a semi-structured interview for the qualitative research. There is a minimum of topics and questions that the interviewer must discuss. These basic topics and interviews then are attached by various other additional topics that the interviewer seemed to be meaningful or suitable to an extension of the original assignment. Data obtained through the interview I worked out using the coding. The research sample has been represented by the department of the children´s social and legal protection. This department belongs under the department of social affairs in municipalities with extended powers. Specifically, they were social workers of this department who I gained all the necessary information for the research from. The aim of this thesis was to describe the dilemmas of the social worker in the area of the social work in connection with the decision on the alternate care for the minor child. The research showed that there still prevails the number of children, who are placed by the court in the sole custody of mothers in the Czech Republic. It more often happens, that children´s fathers who were for the alternate care at the beginning, after a certain time revise their opinions and decide to leave the education of the children to their mothers. Regarding the dilemmas of the social workers dealing with the children´s social and legal protection, there are situations which occur more and more. These are especially situations when parents cannot agree on any rules on which the alternate care could run smoothly. In those above mentioned situations the child is placed in the sole custody to one of the parents. The everyday problem of the social workers is a large number of clients. The main reason for this is a growing number of divorces. To be able to cope with so many clients, all leads to the fact that the social workers are forced to reduce their time, energy, but also their attention which is to be paid to individual clients. Specifically in České Budějovice, the social workers from the department of the children´s social and legal protection lead only very few consultations with their clients directly in their office. It is especially due to the lack of their time, because they more often go to investigate a particular family on demand of the court. Many social workers meet the fact that the family wants to realize the alternate care, but for the reason of the non-cooperation of the both parents most of the alternate cares come to an end. As for the forms of the alternate care, most families realize a week alternate care. Mainly it is at the primary school-age children for the reason that the children are small and after a short time they miss the other parent. A 14-day alternate care is realized at the older children. They usually dislike their permanent moving from one parent to the other. A contribution of this thesis is to provide a topic for the social workers dealing with the children´s social and legal protection, to use it in their own practice in connection with the alternate care. Finally, the results can be used for an evaluation of the social workers´ approach to the families wishing to realize the alternate care.
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Present possibilities of using X-ray technology for examination of urology diseases
PODEŠVOVÁ, Jitka
Imaging methods play an essential role in the diagnostic algorithm by determining the disease character in any part of the human body. The same applies to uroradiology where we use both standard methods and recent modalities. In the opening part this theses I mention anatomical and physiological aspects of the urinary tract and describe conventional radiology methods, digitally processible (ultasonography, computer tomography, megnetic resonance) and interventional. Individual examination methods contain comments related to indication and contra-indication when applying a contrast agent and how to prevent allergic reactions, or possibly how to mange them if they have already occurred. In the following part of thesis I try to describe and evaluate costs of each examination. After a brief summary of radiating load in radiology methods I try to work out statistically a patient file examined on x-ray department in the Krnov´s hospital in October and November 2006 where I monitored whether urologists observe the algorithm of examination methods at patients with urological diseases.
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Molecular biological evidence of Pneumocystis jirovecii (carinii) with application of the real-time PCR
Roučková, Vítězslava ; Fendrich, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Vopršalová, Marie (referee)
Pneumocystis carinii is an opportunistic pathogen, which often causes fatal pneumonia in patients under immunosuppressed or immune deficient conditions due to AIDS, cancer chemotherapy, or immunosuppressive therapy for organ transplantation. Different techniqes of microscopy and a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are widely used for detection of this opportunistic fungus. But these methods are less sensitive and time-consuming. We focused our attention on the level of specific DNA by a quantitative PCR technique. This procedure has the advantage of greater precision and more objectivity. In this report we describe a real-time PCR assay suitable for use with the LightCycler system. We were successful in implementation and optimalization of quantitative real-time PCR for Pneumocystis carinii. We have reached sensitivity 1000 copies of DNA Pneumocystis carinii /ml. We have set a limit of detection to be 50 copies of DNA Pneumocystis carinii /ml. Real-time PCR procedure was optimized and validated in laboratory of molecular biology of Department of clinicall biochemistry and diagnostics of Fakultni Nemocnice in Hradec Kralové. A standard routine was established to be utilized in general practice
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