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How children solve word problems in mathematics containing traditional and non-traditional gender content
Nováková, Veronika ; Smetáčková, Irena (advisor) ; Páchová, Anna (referee)
The goal of my thesis is to find out how school children react to word problems in mathematics that defy traditional distinction of gender roles in a typical household. This Bachelor Thesis compares in which word problems (with traditional or nontraditional gender content) children score higher and whether boys/girls in 2nd or 6th grade are more successful in solving them. It also differentiates if there are any noticeable differences between girls and boys. The research was carried out by mixed methodology and I used sequential progression of data. Firstly, I handed out the forms, then came the investigation of previously mentioned forms which granted me a better insight on the research of this particular phenomenon in the field. After the quantitative collecting of data came the qualitative investigation using half-structured interviews.
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Selfrecognition, selfawareness and other cognitive functions in cetaceans
Jachnická, Kristýna ; Šimková, Olga (advisor) ; Adamová, Dana (referee)
Self recognition is highly discused topic in cognitive sciences. Experiments on a level of behavioral (mirror test, reference tests of body parts using) show that animals usually are able to realize parts of their own body. There are several experimental evidence among cetaceans of this kind that proved that they are conscious of their own body parts (self awareness). There are also many other complex cognitive skills that can be predisposition to self recognition or that can prove that cetaceans are conscious of they own mind (self consciousness). Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Anotated translation: José Luis Díaz: "CIENCIA Y ARTE: LA INTELIGENCIA DE LAS MUSAS"
Hrách, Ondřej ; Králová, Jana (advisor) ; Charvátová, Anežka (referee)
This bachelor's thesis consists of two main parts. The first part is constituted by the translation from Spanish to Czech of the selected essays written by the Mexican author José Luis Díaz and published in his book El ábaco, la lira y la rosa: las regiones del conocimiento, specifically in the sixth chapter named CIENCIA Y ARTE: LA INTELIGENCIA DE LAS MUSAS. The second part consists of the translation annotation, which is comprised of the translation analysis of the source text, the characterisation of the applied translation procedures, and the description of the specific problems arisen during the translation process, including the explanation of the chosen solutions. Key words: annotated translation, translation of essays, translation analysis, translation problems, translation procedures, Mexican essay, science and art, knowledge, cognition
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Nervous system and cognitive abilities of gallinaceous birds
Zhang, Yicheng ; Němec, Pavel (advisor) ; Landová, Eva (referee)
2. Abstract Avian brain has traditionally been looked upon as a small, simple and almost entirely composed of basal ganglia and subserving exclusively instinctive behavior. In stark contrast to these obsolete notions, recent evidence demonstrates that, despite a lack of layered neocortex, extensive regions of the avian cerebrum are homologous to pallial components of the mammalian brain, conform to the same organizational principles and play similar roles in higher cognitive functions. Indeed, behavioural studies have shown that some birds have cognitive abilities that match or surpass those of mammals, most notably corvids and parrots rivalling the great apes in many cognitive domains. While these highly encephalized birds are often utilized as models in behavioural studies addressing avian cognitive capacities, less encephalized birds receive only scant attention. The gallinaceous birds (Galliformes), which together with the anseriform birds (Anseriformes) represent a sister group of Neoaves and the most basal clade of Neognathae, possess relatively small brains. Their cerebrotype is characterized by small forebrain, small nidopallium and large brain stem. Brain of gallinaceous birds is significantly lateralized. Brains of domesticated galliforms are significantly reduced in comparison to brain of their...
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Positive aspects of depression
Halmlová, Martina ; Preiss, Marek (advisor) ; Bartošková, Magda (referee)
This thesis describes an evolutionary theory of depression and related Rumination hypothesis. This hypothesis suggests that depression can have a positive effect on cognition and can lead to an analytical style of thinking that is useful for problem solving. To confirm the hypothesis, this thesis is using tasks focused on sequential decision making called secretary's problem. Thus, the work examines the hypothesis that depressed respondents perform better in the task than healthy respondents. Partial results of the whole study analyzed in this thesis show that the hypothesis could not be confirmed, which the author justifies in the debate and confronts these findings with the results of similar research.
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Concept of human being during categorization process in birds
Kocourková, Zuzana ; Landová, Eva (advisor) ; Exnerová, Alice (referee)
Quick and successful recognition and categorisation of a potential social or sexual partner as well as dangerous predators is an essential ability for each animal. Creation of categories and cognitive processes required to do so are of great importance to uderstanding to cognition of other species than human. This thesis aims primarily on categorisation experiments using pigeons. Recognition and categorisation might be exercised via a concept (a mental representation). Exercise of this highly evolved approach in pigeons is a subject of a dispute. This thesis goes through and evaluate research on categorisation and presence of a concept, mainly a concept of a human being. It answers what type of concept is utilised and introduces a conclusion of pigeons having a concept and an ability to exercise it. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Tool use in birds
Skoumalová, Žaneta ; Exnerová, Alice (advisor) ; Nekovářová, Tereza (referee)
Tool use has been observed in many bird taxa, mostly in parrots and songbirds. Tools are primarily used for a purpose of food acquisition and food preparation and physical maintenance. Spontaneous tool manufacture or tool use has been observed in species, which do not use tools in the wild. Tool using is actively performed only by those birds, whose natural environment has a reduced food availability, food is difficult to extract and handle. Tool manufacturing and tool using requires a considerable degree of cognitive abilities, which are experimentally tested in tasks involving use of tools. Differences between species that use tools in the wild, and those that do not are manifested not only in solving experimental tasks, but also in how birds acquire the ability to use tools. While tool users often solve tasks successfully by using causal reasoning, non-tool users are not always capable of solving complex tasks and understanding of the physical properties of the situation. Negative results of these species do not necessarily imply a lack of understanding, but they can also be caused by morphological or environmental constrains, which make tool use more difficult. Tool users also have inherited behavioral patterns, which are further strengthened by individual learning and can be influenced by...
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