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Cognitive Processing of a child with Autism
Čížková, Kristýna
The aim of this work is to describe cognitive processing of a child with autistic spectrum disorder, to pause on its mechanisms and causes. The first part of the work presents a theoretical background for following interpretation of the data acquired in the research. Firstly it briefly defines autistic spectrum disorders, cognitive functioning of individuals with the disorder and above all two main psychological theories of autism: Theory of Mind (S. B. Cohen) and Weak Central Coherence Theory (U. Frith). The second part of the work recounts a process of the research. Its focus lies in a long-lasting work with a girl with autistic spectrum disorder and a girl from intact population. The both girls went through standard theory of mind tests, reading exams aimed at apprehension and mathematic written exercises. Research data come mainly from following interviews with the girls and observation of their procedure of thinking. Gained data were confronted with the mentioned psychological theories of autism. Final analysis shows typical characteristics of cognitive processing of the particular child with autism: detail focusing, physical thinking and perseverance.
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Neural Correlates of Consciousness: Theoretical problems and Candidates
Blaštík, Filip ; Flegr, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Boschetti, Silvia (referee)
Consciousness is part of the world, which yet resisted a scientific inquiries for an ages. This work is mainly concerned around Neural Correlates of Consciousness program which should uncover a nature of the consciousness. It covers wide variety of a theoretical problems, the first part is concerned around the ambivalence of Neural Correlates of Consciousness definition and its alternatives. The second part asks a questions, whether the neural correlates of consciousness is only discourse creating entity and sheds a light on the dilemma, if the right correlations to form neural correlates of consciousness are possible. It is done on a basis of the experimental evidence and their attempts to form Neural Correlate of Consciousness. In third chapter the philosophical dilemma is exposed. The dilemma arises from conceptual decisions "What is to be conscious", how researchers philosophically pre-conceptualize the scientific question. This is tried to be reconciled by unification of the philosophical theories. Alas it is shown the unification of the theories of mind is impossible. From this is drawn a conclusion that the philosophical pre-conception is a necessary ingredient to form the neural correlate of consciousness. To breach from mere a correlation to a causality is a matter of choosing testable and...
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Healthy Lifestyle Presentation Online on the Coffee Drinking Example
Košťálová, Monika ; Zábrodská, Kristina (advisor) ; Soukup, Martin (referee)
The aim of the diploma thesis Healthy Lifestyle Presentation Online on the Coffee Drinking Examples to demonstrate the presentation of the healthy lifestyle on the example of the coffee consumption and show the media perception. The coffee consumption is considered as a part of the popular culture which makes it an ideal universal research item. The thesis provided the basic theoretical frame for the research compound of two parts which are trying to answer two research questions - how does the online platform present the coffee consumption - whether coffee has a positive or negative impact on health. The second research question was to investigate, whether this media presentation has the impact on its final consumers. For the first research part, the quantitative content analysis was used. It was revealed that 62 % of analyzed articles was in favor of health benefits of the coffee, so the majority opinion presented on the internet is that coffee has got a beneficial impact on human health. The second part of the research was realized as the two-steps qualitative experiment compound of two parts of demi-structured survey. Based on the search, the respondents were observed for a potential opinion change. It was found, that 52 % of the respondent changed their mind in favor of positive coffee impact...
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The relationship between theory of mind and language skills in preschool children
Cajthamlová, Tereza
This thesis focuses on the relationship between theory of mind and language skills in Czech preschoolers. The theoretical part summarizes current knowledge about theory of mind, its relationship to language skills, and some areas of development of preschool children. The empirical part describes the research of the relationship between theory of mind and language skills of Czech preschoolers. Fifty-five children in total participated in this research, twenty children in a younger group (m=42 months), and thirty-five children in an older group (m=54 months). Theory of mind has been assessed by two false-belief tasks: Sally-Ann Task, and Smarties task. Language skills were tested by Grammar reasoning test, and Understanding of grammar test from test battery of Seidlová-Málková and Smolík (2014). The older group has significantly better results in false-belief tasks then the younger group. Despite anticipated results, there was not statistically significant difference between the younger and the older groups' language skills. A moderate positive correlation was found between language skills and false-belief understanding in both groups. KEYWORDS Theory of Mind, False Belief Understanding, Language Skills, Preschoolers, Sally-Ann Task, Smarties Task
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Analysis of Solving Math Problems in Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (and its relation to cognitive processing of students)
Sotáková, Hana ; Rendl, Miroslav (advisor) ; Pavelková, Isabella (referee) ; Bazalová, Barbora (referee)
The dissertation thesis addresses the topic of mathematical tasks processing in students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and problematic points of their solution. The aim of this work is to delineate methods that ASD students use to approach these tasks and solve them. We focus primarily on whether it is possible to identify different procedures than those used by typically developing students, and whether these procedures show specifics corresponding to distinct cognitive processes. In the theoretical part we provide a theoretical background for the study. Firstly, we create a frame to understand the complexity of autism, furthermore we deal with psychological theories examining the topic, and describe specifics of development of ASD students during their adolescence. Thereafter, we reflect on studies addressing mathematical skills of ASD students. Mathematics is considered as their great strength, however is not sufficiently scrutinized, as highlighted by various international studies (for example Oswald et al., 2016). The empiric part is based on qualitative methodology and pursues comparisons of mathematical tasks processing between six ASD students and typically developing peers. We strive to document differences and common points in solutions as well as to analyze cognitive processes of...
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Theory of mind in preschool cochlear implant users
Cajthamlová, Tereza ; Komorná, Marie (advisor) ; Kotvová, Miroslava (referee)
This thesis deals with theory of mind in preschool cochlear implant users. The theoretical part introduces topics: hearing impairment in childhood, cochlear implantation, theory of mind in preschool children and development of preschool children. All these topics are processed with regard to the issue of children using cochlear implant (or implants). In addition to general information, the thesis focuses mainly on the results of current foreign researches concentrating on children using cochlear implants. The empirical part summarizes the research of theory of mind in Czech preschool cochlear implant users. Thirty-one children in total participated in this research, eleven cochlear implant users, and twenty intact children in the control group. Theory of mind has been tested by similar desires task, dissimilar desires task, Smarties task, and Sally-Ann task. In addition, a short questionnaire was distributed to the parents of cochlear implant users. In order to assess competences in the Czech language, the cochlear implant users were given Vocabulary test from test battery of Seidlová-Málková and Smolík (2014). On the basis of the results of this research, it can be concluded that theory of mind is delayed in Czech preschool cochlear implant users in contrast to their hearing peers. These results...
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The Relationship between Theory of Mind and Language Skills in Preschool Children
Cajthamlová, Tereza ; Sotáková, Hana (advisor) ; Páchová, Anna (referee)
This thesis focuses on the relationship between theory of mind and language skills in Czech preschoolers. The theoretical part summarizes current knowledge about theory of mind, its relationship to language skills, and some areas of development of preschool children. The empirical part describes the research of the relationship between theory of mind and language skills of Czech preschoolers. Fifty-five children in total participated in this research, twenty children in a younger group (m=42 months), and thirty-five children in an older group (m=54 months). Theory of mind has been assessed by two false-belief tasks: Sally-Ann Task, and Smarties task. Language skills were tested by Grammar reasoning test, and Understanding of grammar test from test battery of Seidlová-Málková and Smolík (2014). The older group has significantly better results in false-belief tasks then the younger group. Despite anticipated results, there was not statistically significant difference between the younger and the older groups' language skills. A moderate positive correlation was found between language skills and false-belief understanding in both groups. KEYWORDS Theory of Mind, False Belief Understanding, Language Skills, Preschoolers, Sally-Ann Task, Smarties Task
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Embodiment in social cognition and theory of mind
Takáčová, Bibiana ; Kulišťák, Petr (advisor) ; Kaplan, Cyril (referee)
The bachelor thesis deals with the concept of embodied cognition, which understands perception and action as a functional and indivisible whole. Instead of needing mental representations, it offers a dynamic and interactive model of circular exchange with the environment. In a number of examples, it describes how it is possible that the interaction and behavior of an organism may not depend on complex calculations that, according to a traditional model, are placed in the brain but how the body itself and its adaptation can be sufficient for these processes. In this manner, it turns to work on social cognition and her current broader interpretation framework how we create beliefs about the states of other people, that is, the theory of mind. Based on the simulation theory, it suggests research that aims to determine whether lower-level processes such as empathy will be constructive in solving more complex tasks of one of the theory of mind tests - the Faux pas test.
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The Role of Empathy in Ethical Behaviour
Novák, Lukáš ; Matějek, Jaromír (advisor) ; Ovečka, Libor (referee)
More than two hundred years ago David Hume together with his fellow philosopher Adam Smith posited, that ethical behaviour arises from so called: "moral sense". In the other words, they share the same idea, that passions are principle evoking and guiding human behaviour. Hume claim: "Reason is, and ought only to be the slave of the passions" (…). It is possible that this statement - among others - woke up from the 'dogmatic dream' one of the greatest philosophers of all time - Immanuel Kant, who propose, - contrary to Hume - that reason but not necessary passions can determinate human actions. In the question of what rule the passions in ethics have, it seems to be helpful to use the knowledge which follows from recent science. During this thesis we will use methods such as: comparison, analysis and synthesis. Main aim of this thesis will be to deal with the following question: what relationship can be observed between empathy, "moral sense" and ethical behaviour in perspective of recent science. This enquiry will therefore try to deal with the old question: what the the relationship between reason, passions and ethical behaviour is.
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