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The Theory of Cognition in Thomas Aquinas
Samec, Zdeněk ; Novák, Lukáš (advisor) ; Válová, Dita (referee)
(in English): The thesis "The Theory of Cognition in Thomas Aquinas" investigates the conception of cognition in the work of one of the most significant medieval thinkers, saint Thomas Aquinas. The first part of the thesis is devoted to the elements of Thomas's conception of cognition, i.e. sense perception, intellectual grasp of essences and Thomas's theory of intentional mediation of cognition (species sensibilis and species intelligibilis). In the following part of the thesis Thomas's theory of intentionality is considered in detail, with approaches of the so-called direct realism (held by D. Perler) and representationalism (held by R. Pasnau) taken in account. The thesis ends by its author's own evaluation of the controversy between representationalism and direct realism.
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Play style as intentional model in video game players
Hrabec, Ondřej ; Chrz, Vladimír (advisor) ; Klusák, Miroslav (referee) ; Čermák, Ivo (referee)
The present doctoral thesis addresses the insufficient exploration of the concept of play style in current video game player's research. To reach the goal, theoretical framework of style as an intentional model of player's believes and desires is used. The main proposition of this particular paper is based on the presumption that play style works as a tool for predicting opponent's behavior. The research consists of two parts. The first one proposes a categorization which might in greater accuracy explain existing forms of play. The second part researches the topic of intentionality further through the procedural model of style prediction in progaming area, which is exemplified by the video game League of Legends. The results are based on extensive analysis of players' texts, interviews with semiprofessional players, commentators and game journalists. The conclusion implies a significant number of play styles and procedural complexity of recursive theory of mind ("I think about what you think that I think") in the field of video games. Keywords: Play Style, Intentionality, Intentional Model, Metagame, Metacognition, Mindgame, Progaming, Theory of Mind, Player Typology, Video Game
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Intuition and Meaning in Edmund Husserl
Pieterová, Lenka ; Janoušek, Hynek (advisor) ; Čapek, Jakub (referee)
The submitted thesis deals with the relation of intuition to meaning in Edmund Husserl's early work. The structure of the thesis is given by Husserl's triadic structure of epistemic acts, which is formed by the realm of subjectivity, ideality and objectiveness. In this framework, we treat the meaning in its proper sense of meaning-intention, which is but also related to the objectiveness. This relation is made possible by meaning-fulfilment, which is intuitive. At the end, we also emphasize the role of intuition not only in the Logical Investigations, which are to our thesis the central work of Husserl, but also in the whole of Husserl's philosophy.
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The Naturalization of Consciousness and the Meaning of Subjectivity
Toráčová, Pavla ; Moural, Josef (advisor) ; Hill, James (referee) ; Marvan, Tomáš (referee)
The thesis deals with the problem of the existence of consciousness in the physical world. It denies the approach that is prevailing in the contemporary philosophy of mind that treats the phenomenal consciousness and intentionality separately. The position held in this thesis is to claim that the phenomenal character of consciousness and intentionality are inseparable and that it is impossible to understand the former without understanding the latter, and vice versa. The problem of the existence of consciousness in the physical world is viewed as the problem of the existence of (conscious) intentionality in the physical world. With the aim to achieve an analysis of intentionality that would keep its phenomenal character and the first person point of view, and, at the same time, shed light on its realization in the physical world, thoughts of Peter Strawson, G. E. M. Anscombe, Tim Crane, Colin McGinn and John Searle are discussed. The result is an outline of intentionality that allows to explain the fundamental level of intentionality as a physical process and the higher levels of intentionality as a development of the fundamental level. Two principles are crucial for this approach: the development of intentionality from the fundamental level to the higher level is comprehensible only if we keep the...
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Ladislav Hejdánek's conceptual thought in the context of Husserl's phenomenology
Tollar, Václav ; Chotaš, Jiří (advisor) ; Němec, Václav (referee) ; Urban, Petr (referee)
This thesis deals with the notion of conceptual thought as developed by the Czech philosopher, Ladislav Hejdánek, within the referential framework of Husserl's phenomenology. The aim of the thesis is to thoroughly reconstruct the points of departure and basic motifs of Hejdánek's concept, since the reflection of conceptual thought is one of the milestones of Hejdánek's critical thinking, which has not yet been systematically worked out by Hejdánek or anyone else. Hejdánek is interpreted here mainly in the context of Husserl's noematic theory of meaning, enabling us to view Hejdánek through the predicates of a philosophical mainstream as well as to explore some of the problematic points of Husserl's thought processes that are not usually noticed and which have been approached creatively by Hejdánek from an unexpected perspective. The first two chapters present a preliminary overview of Husserl's philosophy (from his Göttingen period in particular), drawing on in-depth research into Husserl's manuscripts carried out by Petr Urban. This overview is followed by four chapters that interpret Hejdánek's concept and finish with a summary, applying the concept of conceptual thought to the world of knowledge and placing the notion of conceptuality within Hejdánek's thought. The individual chapters discuss...
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Perception of the Object or Seeing the Thing?
Vávrová, Věra ; Benyovszky, Ladislav (advisor) ; Pětová, Marie (referee)
The thesis follows the development of the As-Structure as it is presented in Heidegger's Logic (GA 21) and shows that this abstract structure has been developed based on Brentano's Psychology 1 and Husserl's Logical Investigations. I describe how the As-Structure develops from the Brentano's distinction of physical and mental phenomena. The mental phenomena represent the basic sphere of our recognition, and the knowledge of the object as it is immanent to them. The object represents a stable counterpart to the course of experience (Objekt - Erlebnis relation). Therefore, only in the mental phenomena the object is being experienced just as it appears. This is the standpoint of Brentano, and it is adopted by Husserl who explicitly divides the structure of an intentional act into its constituents; the meant and the given. The object is accomplished when it is carried out by the intentional act. When the relation between the meant and the given is fully congruent, the given is given just as it is meant. Heidegger elaborates on this given as meant structure by transferring it outside the sphere of consciousness. He claims that the As-structure is the abstract constitutive element of the relation between the human (Dasein) and the thing; what is being encountered in the world is always given as something...
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Pre-reflexive Self-relation of Consciousness and Constitution of the "Ego". Husserl and Sartre
Matoušek, Josef ; Novotný, Karel (advisor) ; Zika, Richard (referee)
The study concentrates on possible connection between phenomenological thought of Edmund Husserl and Jean-Paul Sartre by focusing on the way by which each of them frames pre-reflexive self-awareness of consciousness and its role in the process of constitution of the identity of the "Ego" as a subjective pole. Essential motivation derives from the effort of highlighting those moments of Husserl's thinking, which might have been or actually were a source of inspiration for Sartre and the formulation of these concepts in the early stages of his career. Subsequently, the quest is to clarify the scale of this inspiration and to shed some light on the question whether Sartre did not push his constructions over the boundaries of the scientific field set by Husserl. The study also incorporates several of Husserl's works which are in their conclusions tending to go against those presented as a possible source of Sartre's inspiration. That is done in order not to simplify the ambivalence of Husserl's work over the acceptable limit as well as to emphasize the nature of the investigations preferred by Sartre. These investigations lead in his work to the conceptualization of human existence as necessarily free, which is the conclusion of the presented study. Key words: Husserl, Sartre, consciousness,...
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The Theory of Judgment in School of Brentano and in the Early Work of Husserl
Janoušek, Hynek ; Urban, Petr (advisor) ; Moural, Josef (referee) ; Šebestík, Jan (referee)
The submitted doctoral thesis is an attempt to describe the nature and of the development of Brentano's theory of judgment. This description is followed by an introduction to the further development of Brentano's theory in the work of Brentano's most distinguished students Kazimierz Twardowski (1866-1938), Alexius Meinong (1853-1920), Anton Marty (1843-1914) and Edmund Husserl (1859-1938). The thesis is divided into five parts: The first part is dedicated to the explanation of Brentano's theory of judgment and starts with an interpretation of Brentano's two early books on Aristotle - On the several senses of Being in Aristotle (1862) and The Psychology of Aristotle (1867). The thesis presents Brentano's understanding of "being" in the sense of truth, his interpretation of the Aristotelian categories, his theory of parts and wholes, and his theory of intentionality and self-consciousness. Our interpretation then proceeds to Brentano's most known work, i.e. to Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint (1874), and presents the basic concept of this book, the concept of psychical phenomena. The resulting classification of psychical phenomena into three kinds introduces judgments as a kind of psychical phenomenon whose main feature consists in existential affirmation or rejection of an intentional object....
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Kant and Husserl on Transcendental Character of Experience
Trnka, Jakub ; Moural, Josef (advisor) ; Karásek, Jindřich (referee) ; Novotný, Karel (referee)
The aim of the thesis is to examine both Husserl's and Kant's transcendentalism in a way that would avoid the tendency to put the main accent on Husserl, which is an approach common to almost all literature dealing with this topic so far. Since it is for the most part Husserl's own critique of Kant that inspires such ongoing underestimation of Kant in comparison to Husserl, this work focuss on the question of the legitimacy of this critique. The core of the thesis is an original interpretation of Kant's transcendental philosophy which, instead of taking for granted the phenomenological point of view, attempts to describe Kant's philosophical enterprise from its own perspective and in its own right. In its second part, the thesis provides a brief description of how Husserl, starting initially from the position of descriptive psychology, arrives at a transcendental dimension. When so put side by side, it becomes evident that the two transcendental positions are in fact very different. Husserl's critique of Kant then appears as unjustified, even though quite understandable as an attempt to draw back from certain immature motives of his own philosophy.
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Semantic differences in the use of gerund and present participle in French
Kalinová, Olga ; Nádvorníková, Olga (advisor) ; Duběda, Tomáš (referee)
Semantic differences in the use of gerund and present participle in French The objective of this memory is to systematize and expand the field of semantic differences between the gerund and the present participle in French. The departing point is that these -ant forms are two completely separate and independent grammatical forms from the morphological, syntactic and semantic points of view. These differences will be explained in the theoretical part of the work. Grammatical switching between these two forms is possible only when the present participle has the épithète détachée function. Unlike traditional French grammar, we assume that in this case there is a fine difference in meaning when gerund and present participle commute in sentences with identical environments. Our hypothesis, based on the approach of Saskia Kindt, consists in the difference in expression of intentionality. The empirical part will present the methodology for verifying the hypothesis and results from analysis of the corpus Frantext and questionnaire survey of native speakers. We would expect that the gerund will have the tendency to mark intentionality, while the present participle will be able to express non-intentional nuance in sentences with identical environment. By the explanation of the results, we will try to...
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