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Effects of flavonoids on cardiovascular system
Šramarová, Pavlína ; Karlíčková, Jana (advisor) ; Kašparová, Marie (referee)
Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Ecology Candidate: Pavlína Šramarová Supervisor: PharmDr. Jana Karlíčková, Ph.D Bachelor thesis 2013/2014: Effects of flavonoids on cardiovascular system, pp. 54 Flavonoids are plant secondary metabolities. Flavonoids have a positive influence on human health and show antioxidant activity. They scavenge free radicals and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. This bachelor thesis explores mechanisms of their action, relationships between structure of flavonoids and antioxidant activity as well as their potential benefit in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. In addition, this work provides an overview of the significant effects of certain plants containing flavonoids such as Camellia sinensis, Vitis vinifera, Achillea millefolium, genus Artemisia etc. Key words: flavonoids, the cardiovascular system, effects, antioxidants
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In vitro cultures of medicinal plants - XIV
Majerová, Jitka ; Tůmová, Lenka (advisor) ; Kašparová, Marie (referee)
62 10 ABSTRACT The object of this study was the influence of abiotic elicitor on the production of rutin in suspension culture of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. The culture was cultivated in Murashigeho and Skoog nutritive medium with growth regulator: 2,4−dichlorfenoxyacetic acid (1 ml/l). The ultrasound was used as abiotic elicitor (0,1 W/cm3 , 35 kHz) for time period of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 min. The samples were taken 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 168 hours after elicitation. The kontrol samples (without the influence of ultrasound) were taken 24 and 168 hours after elicitation. The amount of rutin was analyzed by HPLC. Suspension culture of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. didn't produce any rutin under the influence of ultrasound. No release of rutin into the nutritive medium was observed during this study.
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Secondary metabolites of plant tissue culture of Trifolium pratense L.
Novotná, Hana ; Kašparová, Marie (advisor) ; Siatka, Tomáš (referee)
Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacognosy Candidate: Hana Novotná Supervisor: PharmDr. Marie Kašparová, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: Secondary metabolites of plant tissue culture of Trifolium pratense L. Explant cultures are perspective sources of secondary metabolites. Nevertheless production of flavonoids and isoflavonoids by the suspension culture of Trifolium pratense L. is not high. Elicitation is one of the methods used to enhance the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Elicitation induces physiological changes, stimulates defensive or stress-induced reactions in plants and subsequently triggers the synthesis of secondary metabolites. The objective of this study was to observe the influence of two elicitors - abscisic acid and ascorbic acid - on the production of flavonoids and isoflavonoids by the Trifolium pratense L. suspension culture (Sprint variety). The culture was cultivated in Gamborg medium to which 2 mg.l-1 of 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2 mg.l-1 of 6-benzylaminopurine were added, at the temperature of 25 řC and 16 hours light / 8 hours dark period. The best elicitation effect of abscisic acid on the production of flavonoids and isoflavonoids was observed after a 6-hour application of the highest 500 µmol.l-1...
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Effect of post-harvest processing on quality of Sambuci fructus
Brňáková, Lenka ; Spilková, Jiřina (advisor) ; Kašparová, Marie (referee)
Elderberry is very popular plant, that is due to its beneficial effects to human organism very reputable. The main content substances are flavonoids and anthocyanins. Fruits of this flower are available only seasonally (which is usual for most of flowers), so we have to search for alternative solution of getting them. One of these solutions is conservation. Nowadays there are lots of types of postharvest adjustment, so we have more opportunities to find an optimal concept for every one specific plant. The diploma thesis is focused on assessment of content of phenolic substances harvested in different parts of Hradec Králové. They were conservated at laboratory temperature, elevated (40řC, 60řC) and reduced (-18řC) temperature. Next part of thesis is focused on assessing of the content of anthocyanins in fruits, that had been conservated for 3 years in refrigerator. The theme was finding the best concept of postharvestal adjustment. Despite to the individual places of harvest, there were not mentionable differences found out in content of phenolic substances in fruits. Main differences in content of substances were caused by different temperature of conservating area. With the upper temperature the content of phenolic substances was lower. Storage in the fridge for 3 years did not have any influence...
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Secondary metabolite production in explantate cultures of St. John's worth
Křížová, Šárka ; Martin, Jan (advisor) ; Kašparová, Marie (referee)
Secondary metabolite production in explantate cultures of St. John's Wort Šárka Křížová Diploma thesis Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Pharmacy Key words: St. John's Wort, elicitation, flavonoids, hydrogen peroxide, glutathion, neutral red. The goal of the diploma thesis was to influence the production of secondary metabolites (flavonoids) in explantate cultures of St. John's Wort. Method of elicitation was used. This method is based on adding of an elicitor (stressor) to the tissue culture. Suspensional and callus cultures of Hypericum Perforatum L. were used for experiments with potential elicitors: hydrogen peroxide, combination of hydrogen peroxide and Mg-ATP, glutathion and cellular pigment neutral red. Their effect to the production of flavonoids was evaluated after 4 and 24 hours. Cultures were cultivated on Murashige and Skoog medium with the addition of a growth hormone BAP and a growth stimulator α-NAO. HPLC method was used for analysis of the samples. Hydrogen peroxide raised the production of flavonoids, especially in suspensional cultures, in callus cultures the highest influence had glutathion (reduced form) and neutral red. The highest production of flavonoids was reached after 24 hours by addition of hydrogen peroxide in concentration 100 mg/l,...
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Study on the interaction of chemopreventive compounds and food born carcinogens with cytochrome P450 enzymes
Brabencová, Eliška ; Hodek, Petr (advisor) ; Koblihová, Jitka (referee)
The use of food supplements containing natural chemopreventive compounds increased in recent years. Some of the most popular chemopreventive compounds are flavonoids. Due to their natural origin, flavonoids are generally accepted as safe compounds. They exert antioxidant, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties. However, flavonoids should be considered as foreign compounds (xenobiotics). Flavonoids interact with many enzymes, among the most important belong cytochromes P450 (CYPs), key enzymes of the first phase of biotransformation of xenobiotics (e.g. drugs, carcinogens). CYPs catalyze reactions leading mainly to detoxification of xenobiotics. However, some CYPs are involved in the activation of carcinogens, particularly CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 activate e.g. heterocyclic amines. Flavonoids might enhance the activation of carcinogens via induction of these CYPs or stimulation of their activities and hence, increase the risk of a cancer development. The thesis is focused on the influence of flavonoids and food carcinogens on the induction and activity of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 in liver and small intestine of rats. For the purpose of this study, the small intestine was dissected into three parts: proximal (nearest to stomach), middle and distal. Western blotting was used for the evaluation of CYP...
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Developement and optimalization of methods for extraction of selected compounds from Hypericum perforatum
Chytil, Dalibor ; Štursa, Václav (referee) ; Pořízka, Jaromír (advisor)
Bachelor's thesis deals with the optimization of processes for extraction of phenolic compounds from St. John´s Wort (Hypericum perforatum). The theoretical part of the work focuses on characterization of this herb, its botanical classification, traditional use, chemical composition and curative effects. Increased attention is further devoted to a theory of preparation of samples for extraction of phenolic compounds and suitable techniques for extraction and characterization of phenolic compounds from extracts of St. John´s Wort. The experimental part of the thesis deals with application of theoretical knowledge. When optimizing the emphasis was on influence of solvent (water acified to pH 4, pH 5, pH 6), influence of extraction technique (ultrasound extraction, subcritical water extraction, maceration) and influence of extraction period (10, 20, 30 min). Extracts were subjected to determination of selected parameters (total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity) in leaves of St John´s Wort harvested in June 2016 using UV-VIS spectroscopy. The used extraction techniques are significantly different from each other.
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Biological effects of various hemp fractions
Vacková, Hana ; Skoumalová, Petra (referee) ; Němcová, Andrea (advisor)
Cannabis is the only plant which contains cannabinoids and thanks to these compounds it has enormous potential. This thesis deals with the analysis of technical hemp. Effects of cannabinoids and methods used for cannabis analysis are discussed in the theoretical part. The experimental part includes spectrophotometric characterization of cannabis, it´s antimicrobial effects and thin layer chromatography analysis. Three sorts of Cannabis sativa L. were analyzed, namely Finola, Fedora and Kompolti. Firstly, the content of polyphenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity in prepared tinctures were determined. Moreover, antimicrobial test were performed using disk test and turbidity determination. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and yeast organism were tested. It was found that cannabis tinctures possess good antimicrobial effects. Some of them are comparable with synthetic antibiotics. Finally, thin layer chromatography enabled visualization of cannabinoids in prepared tinctures.
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Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) as a source of biochemically active substances
Blecha, Jan ; Hudeček, Jiří (advisor) ; Hodek, Petr (referee)
Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae Rhamnoides L.) as a source of biochemically active substances ABSTRACT This work is primarily focused on summarizing of existing data in the literature about the chemical composition of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) fruits, in particular of its oil. It was found that the content of individual chemical components substantially varies in different cultivars and is also very dependent on the conditions in which the plant is grown. Various sea buckthorn products can be rich sources of antioxidants, such as the vitamin C (in amounts up to 2500 mg/100g of fresh fruit) and tocopherols (up to 481 mg/100g of fresh fruit), flavonoids (up to 1100 mg/100g of fresh fruit) and carotenoids (up to 2139 mg/100g of oil). The fatty acids of this plant are mostly unsaturated (up to 89% of all fatty acids), in dominant amounts linolenic and linoleic acid can be found in seed oil and palmitooleic and saturated palmitic acid in pulp oil. Content and effects of significant flavonoids in the plant are also summarized. Among the most important biological effects of sea buckthorn, its antioxidant activity can be included as well as effects on the function of cardiovascular system, hepatoprotective and anticancer effects proven for some of the substances. Thanks to that the sea buckthorn has a high...
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NADP-dehydrogenases of medicinal plants.
Bartošová, Martina ; Hýsková, Veronika (advisor) ; Kubíčková, Božena (referee)
Medicinal plants usually contain metabolites formed by secondary biosynthetic pathways for example phenylpropanoid and shikimate pathway, which depend on NAPDH availability. In this work total content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids was determined in 10 medicinal plants common for Czech Republic. Activity of enzymes providing NADPH was determined as well. These enzymes were glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH, EC 1.1.1.49), NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP-ICDH, EC 1.1.1.42), NADP-malic enzyme (oxalacetate decarboxylating) (NADP-ME, EC 1.1.1.40). The activity of shikimate dehydrogenase (SDH, EC 1.1.1.25), the main enzyme of shikimate pathway, was also determined. Extraction methods were optimized for each assessment. Applicable source for NADP-dependent enzymes are black radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. niger), garlic (Allium sativum L.) and mint (Mentha piperita L). The highest content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids was determined in sage (Salvia officinalis), lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) and Mentha citrata. Extraction with methanol was more effective than extraction with hot water. More extraction methods and studies are necessary for characterization of individual compounds and principals on which they work. Key words: medicinal plants, NADP-dependent enzymes, phenolic...
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