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The Principle of Sufficient Reason in Kant and Meillassoux: On the Reason and Unreason of Post-metaphysical Thought
Sistiaga, Sergey ; Novák, Aleš (advisor) ; Sepp, Hans Rainer (referee) ; Theis, Robert (referee)
The Principle of Sufficient Reason in Kant and Meillassoux: On the Reason and Unreason of Post-metaphysical Thought. The aim of this thesis is to probe the alleged grounds of post-metaphysical thought in order to unearth its foundations. This genetic-systematic inquiry thus not only aims to scrutinize possible interpretations of the judgment the tribunal of reason is said to have passed on itself qua reason, but, more importantly, to revise the very judgment itself and to question the legitimacy of the tribunal. Apart from the fact that self-administered justice rarely results in convictions, the process seems ill-conceived from the start. The thesis sets in with an analysis of Quentin Meillassoux's recent invigorating and highly original re- discovery of post-metaphysical thought's unreason and a close reading of Kant's relevant pre- critical and critical works: while judgment was indeed passed in the name of "pure reason", it was not passed on reason itself but merely on its "logical" use. Only reason's usus logicus, not its usus realis were indicted by reason. In other words, the judgment has been misunderstood. The reason for this misunderstanding is located in Kant's philosophical presuppositions, which thus emerge as the very unreason of post-metaphysical thought. Since such unreason cannot...
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Thinking and Poetry in Thoughts of Martin Heidegger
Krejča, Kryštof ; Benyovszky, Ladislav (advisor) ; Novák, Aleš (referee)
The main thema of this essay is something as dark as a solidarity (?) inbetween thinking and poetry presented on the base of thoughts of german philosopher Martin Heidegger and his interpretations of poet Friedrich Hölderlin. Nowadays American-English cannot portray anything as even a nearly adequate language for such a peculiar thing, that somehow defy any calculation and systematic reasoning. If its even possible for said languague to establish such a problem as a problem, is very hard to say. What can be described here, tho, is the absolut and universally- transcendental extension of western metaphysics through history into the establishment of scientifically-technical global civilization, its perverse nihilistic regime and enforcement of essencial fateful destruction through cosmopolitan deprivation of European Man and his values in perpetual mobilisation of the "peaceful" progression of the World War and technological decline. Sadly, this, nowadays widely accepted and even celebrated (!), condition actually represents in this text the main disaster and the very biggest catastrophe of present day... However this can be uncomprehensible for the anglo-american and today, alas!, "whole-western", but all in all fundamentally pitiful, worldview. All of this is meant quite seriously, by the way, but...
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Never realized dialogue between Heidegger and Levinas
Býmová, Zuzana ; Novák, Aleš (advisor) ; Fulka, Josef (referee)
Předkládaná práce je nesena snahou o zodpovězení otázky: V čem spočívá nesoulad filosofie? Nemůže být Lévinasova etika chápána jako doplnění Heideggerovy ontologie? Na zmíněné otázky je hledána odpověď prostřednictvím vpravení se do možného "dialogu" mezi Heideggerem a Lévinasem. Odlišné pojímání bytí u obou filosofů se odhalí nejenom jako možná příčina sporu, ale i jako důvod, kvůli kterému by nemohla být Lévinasova a Heideggerova filosofie nikdy komplementární. Lévinas na rozdíl od Heideggera, který je neustále na cestě bytí, bude rozvíjet veškerá svá témata na rovině "autrement qu'être", hranicemi bytí. Odlišný přístup k bytí se ukáže jako důvod, proč nemohou Heidegger Lévinasem při tematizování etiky, vztahu člověka se světem, smrti a času nalézt společnou řeč. Klíčová slova ět, smrt, čas
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How do objects arise?
Novotný, Michal ; Novák, Aleš (advisor) ; Kolář, Martin (referee)
Proposed thesis is an attempt to summarise the term object in the work of American philosopher Graham Harman, he himself named Object oriented ontology. The accent will be given also to other terms such as realism, essence, quadruple dimension of object, withdrawal of object, intentionality, conception of time and space, emanation and others. It attempts to create a certain genealogy of those terms in the work of other authors (Kant, Schopenhauer, Nietzche, Merleau-Ponty) and consequent comparison with the use of those terms in Harman's work. The aim is to create a certain critical overview of Harman's conception of o object and in general speculative realism theory and point out certain other approached to the classical subject-object dimension.
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Philosophy of Art and Mass Culture in Thinking of T. W. Adorno, W. Benjamin and H.-G. Gadamer
Horneková, Šárka ; Novák, Aleš (advisor) ; Váša, Ondřej (referee)
The work brings critical and philosophical perspective on the issue of art and mass culture in contemporary society. Relying on H.-G. Gadamer's, T. W. Adorno's and Walter Benjamin's ideas. The work performs a summary of their thoughts, focusing on art as an example of humanities- scientific investigation in the case of H.-G. Gadamer, the criticism of the cultural industry and its vital role in the thinking of T. W Adorno and the issue of technical reproducibility of works of art in a Walter Benjamin's essay. The work focuses on the present social functions of mass culture, its internal structure, on the issue of its quality, taking into account the extent to which this appears to be useful. The main topic was ultimately shown to be a phenomenon of education. Keywords. Philosophical Anthropology, Philosophy of Art, Culture and Society, Mass Culture.
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Nicholas of Cusa on Human, Intellect and Number
Šenovský, Jakub ; Novák, Aleš (advisor) ; Nejeschleba, Tomáš (referee) ; Karfíková, Lenka (referee)
This thesis deals with the anthropological thinking of Nicholas of Cusa. The first part presents the fundamental metaphysical motifs that are the basis for this anthropology - above all, it concerns the conception of human as a mind (intellect). This conception is linked with the thinking of the first Principle (God) as the unity that is identical with itself. This unity/oneness of the One descends into the world through number that is one and multiple at the same time (all higher numbers consist of ones). The emphasis on unity of the One and on number as a mean of the creation is the reason, why Cusa's main concern, regarding the understanding of the world, aren't individual substances, but the relations between these substances. And for this kind of metaphysical thinking it is really important to develop also a strong notion of human intellect (mind), but the first philosophical texts to some extent fail to do so. The second part of this thesis deals with the proper anthropology that is developed in the dialogues with the idiota. It is shown what is the role of human mind in the dynamics of descent and ascent of unity of the One - it is the human mind and its intellectual return to its Beginning through which is all creation being made one and being brought to its true nature that is the One. The last...
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Language, speech and understanding
Zajíc, Václav ; Novák, Aleš (advisor) ; Benyovszky, Ladislav (referee) ; Zika, Richard (referee)
This thesis studies different conceptions of knowledge as they were conceived by George Berkeley and Immanuel Kant. In the first chapter we concentrate on Berkeley's pragmatic interpretation of knowledge which is based on the localization of the non-predicative judgements into the inner structure of perception. As the result there is such knowledge which is by human being used to identification of conditions for the formation of particular combinations of ideas and also to their more or less exact prognosis. We concentrate also on Berkeley's attempt to avoid "ontological" or "absolute" interpretations of "traditional concepts of metaphysics" as ,substance', an absolute existence of non-egoistic matterial being etc. In the second chapter of this thesis we are trying to study in which way is the idea of knowledge being transformed, in case that the starting point for interpretation of knowledge is, according to Kant, descriptive analysis of synthetic judgements a priori, whose proposition is the synthesis of subject and predicate. We will show that Kant contributed to the new understanding of metaphysics as transcendental research possibility of knowledge, and how were thanks to that meanings and status of subject and object transformed. We will make in the third and closing chapter complete...
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To the Philosophical Relation of Compassion and Liberty
Sváčková, Kateřina ; Novák, Aleš (advisor) ; Marek, Jakub (referee)
This thesis deals with two phenomena, compassion and freedom, specifically the concept in the philosophy of A. Schopenhauer and J.-J. Rousseau. We believe that these two themes are essential points of the two philosophical systems. Despite the different contexts, concepts and definitions of the terms, compassion for both philosophers represents a kind of positive ability of human beings (counterweight of the necessary present egoism) from which social virtues and interpersonal relationships arise. Freedom in its largest scale is then the objective of every human being, whether the concept of freedom means anything: positive (possibility of arbitrariness in its natural state, the relative freedom of action) or negative definition of freedom (absence of causality or any form of dependence). The primary objective of this thesis is to outline the possible relations between the two phenomena. It seems that the ability of compassion may potentially be limiting certain forms of human freedom, though such a form of freedom may turn out to be insufficient. It turns out, however, that by using the ability of compassion it is possible to reach the most desirable and liberating freedom.
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