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Formulation of Nanoparticle Systems with Antimicrobial Agents
Brambůrková, Eva ; Dittrich, Milan (advisor) ; Podzimek, Štěpán (referee) ; Masteiková, Ruta (referee)
Drug delivery as modern way of therapeutic application is important goal of contemporary pharmaceutical research. The very specific tailor-made drug carriers and special working methods are used. Parametrs which potentially influence nanoparticle size distribution and their zeta potential were studied. Nanoparticles were prepared by emulsion solvent distribution-evaporation method from commercially available, biocompatible and biodegradable polymer PDLLA (poly (DL-lactic acid)) and other polyesters branched on mannitol or pentaerythritol and polyurethanes synthesized at workplace. Polymers were dissolved in different organic solvents (dichlormethane, chloroform or mixture of both in mass ratio 1:1). Poloxamers and polyvinylalcohol with different molecular weight and different degree of hydrolysis, polysorbate 20, and lecithin from soya bean or from eggs as emulsifying agent were used. Nanoemulsion was prepared by homogenizer with stator and rotor. Particle size and zeta potential was measured by Zetasizer. This study demonstrates that monodisperse nanoparticles can be prepared by emulsion solvent distribution-evaporation method in various composition of organic and also aqueous phase. Dispersion process is modified by organic solvent and emulsifier used. Zeta potential was influenced by composition...
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Cloning, detection and analysis of the gene cluster coding synthesis of the antibiotic Anthramycin
Poubová, Martina ; Černá, Milena (advisor)
he aim was to find , isolate and sequence a cluster of genes coding for the synthesis of anthramycin , antibiotics group pyrrolobenzodiazepines whose producer Streptomyces refuineus var . thermotolerans . Pyrrolo [2,1- c ] [1,4] benzodiazepines are a class of naturally occurring antibiotics anticancer effect. These are molecules that bind covalently to DNA molecules and this leads to blockage of transcription. Although anthramycin least affects the bone marrow, was not put into clinical practice as antitumor antibiotic because of the high cardiotoxicity. Better effects and good clinical features expected from a new synthetic analogues both in terms of antitumor antibiotics , and the production of antimicrobial compounds and antimalarial drugs . So far, successful antibiotic related families of antibiotics , lincosamide , was clindamycin antibacterial and antiparasitic effect. Knowledge of the genetic background of these substances allows modification simultaneously substances used , followed by a less costly production more efficient and safer substances. Using molecular biological methods were isolated part of the chromosomal DNA Producer Streptomyces refuineus var . thermotolerans containing the complete gene cluster anthramycin biosynthesis .
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Synthesis and aplication of Dewar benzenes
Janková, Štěpánka ; Kotora, Martin (advisor) ; Roithová, Jana (referee) ; Svoboda, Jiří (referee)
Dewar benzenes are valence isomers of benzenes, which can be prepared by their thermic or photochemical rearrangement.1,2,3 They posses interesting physical and chemical properties due to the presence of the strained bicyclic framework. I studied synthesis of para-substituted phenyl Dewar benzenes and consequently kinetics of their thermal rearrangement for new information about mechanism of this unclear reaction. I also showed synthesis of new substituted aromatic and polyaromatic compounds, in which the key intermediates were Dewar benzenes (Scheme 1). Their chemical and physical properties are also going to be discussed. Scheme 1 R R R Cl3Al R + Ar COOMe RR R R COOMe Ar DMSO Me Me Me Me C6H4-X COOMe Fe n CO2MeMe Me Me Me Me Me Me R R R R S Me MeO2C EtO2C R R R R 1. van Tamelen, E. E.;Pappas, S. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1962, 84, 3789. 2. Koster, J. B.; Timmermans, G. J.; van Bekkum, H. Synthesis, 1971, 139. 3. Schäfer, W.; Hellmann, H. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1967, 6, 518.
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Characterization of modern HPLC columns and their application potential
Janečková, Lucie ; Tesařová, Eva (advisor) ; Pacáková, Věra (referee) ; Flieger, Miroslav (referee)
(EN) The aim of the dissertation thesis is characterization of modern HPLC columns from the point of their interaction possibilities and demonstration of their application potential. The first part of the thesis is focused on alternative reversed-phase HPLC columns based on zirconium dioxide. These packings offer excellent chemical stability and additional interactions that can be helpful in the development of analytical methods. A detailed study of the chromatographic behaviour of biologically active nonapeptides as model analytes confirmed the substantial effect of mobile phase composition on retention mechanism. Consequently, HPLC separation systems with zirconia-based polystyrene column were characterized by distinct approaches that allowed recognition of the interactions participating in the separation process. Empirically based chromatographic tests evaluated the fundamental properties of the system - hydrophobicity and polarity. The complex model of linear free energy relationship described the prevailing interactions in different separation systems. Application of a set of basic compounds revealed the contribution of ion-exchange interactions participating in the separation systems with zirconia-based column. The second part of the thesis is devoted to new cyclofructan-based chiral...
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Innovations of Education Content and Methods in Teaching Chemistry Focusing on ICT-supported Visualization
Adamec, Martin ; Beneš, Pavel (advisor) ; Bílek, Martin (referee) ; Šmejkal, Petr (referee)
The use of information and communication technologies, including computer graphics, in teaching chemistry is one of the frequent issues of contemporary chemistry didactics. Current publications are mainly focused on displaying structure of chemical compounds and symbolic form of chemical reactions. This thesis offers a more complex view on the computer graphics and other means of information and communication technologies - their possibilities and limits of use in teaching. The goal of the thesis is to provide an overview of selected computer-graphics technologies and to discuss their role during current curricular reform, based on current problems identified by students attending chemistry-teacher training courses and chemistry teachers. Usability of selected elements in pre-teaching and teaching phases was checked. Innovations of contemporary teaching methods were proposed using computer graphics. The thesis is focused on the area of visualization of educational content with use of computer graphics, computer-assisted innovation of methods and educational content, computer games and the role of computer graphics in didactic transformation. Two textbooks for lower-secondary and upper-secondary schools were created. These textbooks contain newly developed parts using computer graphics. According to...
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New electrochemical methods for determination of nitro and oxo derivatives of fluorene
Vyskočil, Vlastimil
CHARLES UNIVERSITY IN PRAGUE Faculty of Science Department of Analytical Chemistry Author: Mgr. Vlastimil Vyskočil, Ph.D. Title: New Electrochemical Methods for Determination of Nitro and Oxo Derivatives of Fluorene Year: 2010 Abstract of the RNDr. Thesis This Thesis represents a contribution to the search for new electroanalytical (polarographic and voltammetric) for sensitive determination of genotoxic environmental pollutants - nitro and oxo derivatives of fluorene, namely of 2-nitrofluorene, 2,7-dinitrofluorene, 9-fluorenone, 2-nitro-9- fluorenone, and 2,7-dinitro-9-fluorenone. An experimental work was focused on assessment of new approaches in the detection of the studied compounds. Interactions of calf thymus double-stranded DNA with 2-nitrofluorene and 2,7-dinitrofluorene at the newly developed voltammetric biosensor (DNA modified screen printed carbon paste electrode; DNA/SPCPE) were also investigated and subtle DNA damage under conditions of direct DNA-analyte interaction at room temperature and damage to DNA bases under condition of electrogeneration of short-lived radicals of nitrofluorenes at human body temperature were found. The obtained results can be summarized as follows: ● Modern polarographic and voltammetric methods at mercury electrodes developed for determination of trace amounts of...
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Study of Enantioseparation of Selected Substituted Binaphthyls
Loukotková, Lucie ; Bosáková, Zuzana (advisor) ; Feltl, Ladislav (referee) ; Flieger, Miroslav (referee)
8 1 INTRODUCTION Over the last two decades, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has become one of the most common techniques in chiral separations. HPLC has also been successfully employed for determination of the optical purity of newly synthesized organic compounds. Asymmetric synthesis is a direct way of synthesis of enantiomers that uses suitable optically pure ligands acting as catalysts. The chiral ligands in asymmetric reactions must have stable configurations (they must be resistant towards racemization) and a high optical purity is required. Binaphthyl derivatives have been extensively used to control many asymmetric processes and have demonstrated outstanding chiral discrimination properties, due to their unique properties derived from their rigidity and spatial arrangement. Most of 1,1'- binaphthyl molecules are C2 symmetric with two identical naphthyl units often substituted in the 2,2'-positions. Chirality of these compounds is caused by restricted rotation of atoms or groups of atoms around the single bond on the binaphthyl skeleton (axial chirality, atropisomerism). Increased hindrance to rotation at the pivotal 1,1'- bond makes these molecules potential candidates for enantioseparation [1]. The best representatives of the binaphthyl group are 2,2'-dihydroxy-1,1'-binaphthyl...
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Fractionation of biodegradable municipal waste to produce biogas and solid biofuels production
VELEK, Jindřich
The theses deals with the use of biologically degradable waste which needs to be processed and utilized in maximum amount. It is highly desirable to apply new and well-known technologies to treat such waste efficiently and not to dispose it in landfills unreasonably, as is the case at present. The paper describes landfilling, composting, anearobic digestion, mechanical and biological treatment of waste as well as various stages of the lability concerning fractions of organic compounds. The stages of the lability concerning fractions of organic compounds are in particular determining the best utilization of such biologically degradable waste in each technology. It is advisable in this case to apply the STEAM EXPOLOSTION or IFBB technology for treatment of biologically degradable waste. These technologies were used in the proposal for the utility model which specifies how to produce biogas or solid biofuel from waste.
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Emissions from transport - a new pollutants
Dvořák, Rostislav ; Sommer, Lumír (referee) ; Doležalová Weissmannová, Helena (advisor)
This work is focused on platinum group metals (Pt, Rh, Pd), their use in the automotive industry, risks associated with the occurrence of these substances in the environment, their potential impact on population health and, ultimately, the characteristics of these elements and some of their compounds as such.
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