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Genetic diversity and evolutionary history of Czech endemic taxa from the genus Dianthus
Kalůsková, Jana ; Suda, Jan (advisor) ; Chrtek, Jindřich (referee)
Abstract This MSc. thesis deals with karyological, genetic and phenotypic variation of selected taxa from the genus Dianthus L. in the Czech Republic and adjacent countries. The evolutionary history of the genus has been shaped by several microevolutionary processes, including interspecific hybridization, genome duplication, and edaphic speciation. These processes led to the origin of a number of phenotypically similar taxa, which are often restricted to a narrow geographic area. One subendemic and three endemic taxa occur in the Czech Republic. These (sub)species were used as model groups to gain insight into microevolutionary processes in small populations and the postglacial development of the genus in Central Europe. The thesis consists of three parts, each addressing different evolutionary phenomenon: Dianthus arenarius subsp. bohemicus is a critically endangered endemic psammophyte currently known from a single population in Central Bohemia. The site is also inhabited by widespread D. carthusianorum. Interspecific hybridization has been suspected on the basis of morphological characters, but this has never been confirmed by any other technique. I exploited differences in the number of chromosomes between both species and, with the aid of DAPI flow cytometry, estimated relative DNA contents of...
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Degradation of biomaterials in model physiological conditions
Mikulíková, Zuzana ; Obruča, Stanislav (referee) ; Márová, Ivana (advisor)
The aim of presented work was to study degradation of selected modified protein materials and optimization of methods usable for protein concentration changes in samples that undergo proteolytic degradation. In first part overview of biomaterials used in medicine applications, biocompatibility and of collagen materials and their applications was given. In experimental part some methods for proteolysis determination were tested using standards of albumin, collagen and selected amino acids. As a part of this work proteolysis of selected modified collagen materials was observed. First, following methods for total protein analysis were tested: ninhydrin method, biuret method, Hartree-Lowry, UV-VIS spectrophotometry and TNBS method (trinitro-benzen-sulphonic acid). For collagen proteolysis determination two of these methods were optimized: biuret method (peptide group detection) and TNBS (primary amino group detection). These two methods were applied on enzyme degradation of three collagen samples: soluble collagen standard, collagen standard type I (insoluble) and modified collagen material for clinical application. In soluble and modified collagens collagenase effect exhibited decrease of peptide bounds and, simultaneously, increase of primary amino groups according to enzyme concentration and enzyme:substrate ratio. In insoluble collagen analysis was strongly influenced by structure and conformation changes of material during degradation.
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Purification of recombinant proteins by affinity chromatography
Zemek, Ondřej ; Mácha, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Hrdý, Ivan (referee)
The isolation and purification of recombinant proteins is essential for further study of their structural and functional properties. The affinity chromatography is usually the method of choice for this task. In this paper the most used affinity tags are reviewed for their properties and experience with their application. The tags covered here include CBP, MBP, GST, polyhistidine and polyarginine tags, FLAG-tag, Strep-tag II and SpA. The origin and properties of the tags, their influence on form and localization of fusion protein as well as binding, elution and removal are discussed. Keywords: affinity chromatography, recombinant protein, purification, affinity tag
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Respiratory Mechanics as Related to Discomfort Caused by Long-lasting Exertion in the Sitting Position
Niezgodzka, Martina ; Otáhal, Stanislav (advisor) ; Véle, František (referee)
Theme: Relationship of respiratory mechanics to discomfort by longer lasting drain in sitting potion. Goal: To describe relationship between respiratory mechanics and discomfort - iťs influence on starting and evolution of discomfort; describe possible ways how to handle discomfort by breathing. Methods: An analysis of available literature by means of 'critical review', comparing each author and sequential valuation and searching of similar signs. The whole work is a theoretical base for next studies. Results: The work brought up useful information to the case of relations between respiratory mechanics, spine position and the change of hydrodynamics of cerebrospinal fluid by working in a monotone position, which after individua! long time force a man to take another position. The study brought up useful point of view on mutually chains of evens and shows next possible ways to solve problems of discomfort by monotone drain, when it gets to motory deprivation. We suggest accomplishing of text which should be a base for next studies and for segmentation into final grant report (MEYS 701 The creation of neuro- informatic databases and dare data-mining"). Key words: discomfort, sitting position, cerebrospinal fluid, breathing, respiratory mechanics, yoga.
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Accurate multireference calculations of electronic states and their selected properties for organic and bioinorganic molecules.
Chalupský, Jakub ; Havlas, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Straka, Michal (referee) ; Nachtigallová, Dana (referee)
Presented thesis is focused on the investigation of the lowest electronic states and some of their properties in the molecules lacking in closed-shell configuration. Thesis is divided into two parts - first part deals with biradicals, second with transition-metal compounds. In the first part, we show that the so far rarely observed inverse heavy-atom effect could be in methylcarbenes achieved by changing the substituent. While bromo substitu- tion of methylcarbene strengthens the spin-orbit coupling between S0 and T1 states, the presence of germyl group decreases SOC. According to our results, a decrease in SOC caused by the germyl group should reduce the probability of both radiationless and ra- diative S0/T1 transitions. We ascribe the qualitatively different effect of the substituents to absence of the lone pairs of GeH3 group and we show that the contributions of heavy atoms are mainly caused by interactions of their p orbitals. Moreover, inverse heavy-atom effect seems to be additive and multiple substitutions may lead to its strong enhance- ment. We further suggest new approach to possible measurement of the parity-violation effects in chiral molecules based on the electronic-energy shifts of the components of the lowest triplet of a biradical. It seems that the best candidates among systems studied...
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Exploring Brain Network Connectivity through Hemodynamic Modeling
Havlíček, Martin ; Hluštík, Petr (referee) ; Šmídl,, Václav (referee) ; Jan, Jiří (advisor)
Zobrazení funkční magnetickou rezonancí (fMRI) využívající "blood-oxygen-level-dependent" efekt jako indikátor lokální aktivity je velmi užitečnou technikou k identifikaci oblastí mozku, které jsou aktivní během percepce, kognice, akce, ale také během klidového stavu. V poslední době také roste zájem o studium konektivity mezi těmito oblastmi, zejména v klidovém stavu. Tato práce předkládá nový a originální přístup k problému nepřímého vztahu mezi měřenou hemodynamickou odezvou a její příčinou, tj. neuronálním signálem. Zmíněný nepřímý vztah komplikuje odhad efektivní konektivity (kauzálního ovlivnění) mezi různými oblastmi mozku z dat fMRI. Novost prezentovaného přístupu spočívá v použití (zobecněné nelineární) techniky slepé dekonvoluce, což dovoluje odhad endogenních neuronálních signálů (tj. vstupů systému) z naměřených hemodynamických odezev (tj. výstupů systému). To znamená, že metoda umožňuje "data-driven" hodnocení efektivní konektivity na neuronální úrovni i v případě, že jsou měřeny pouze zašumělé hemodynamické odezvy. Řešení tohoto obtížného dekonvolučního (inverzního) problému je dosaženo za použití techniky nelineárního rekurzivního Bayesovského odhadu, který poskytuje společný odhad neznámých stavů a parametrů modelu. Práce je rozdělena do tří hlavních částí. První část navrhuje metodu k řešení výše uvedeného problému. Metoda využívá odmocninové formy nelineárního kubaturního Kalmanova filtru a kubaturního Rauch-Tung-Striebelova vyhlazovače, ovšem rozšířených pro účely řešení tzv. problému společného odhadu, který je definován jako simultánní odhad stavů a parametrů sekvenčním přístupem. Metoda je navržena především pro spojitě-diskrétní systémy a dosahuje přesného a stabilního řešení diskretizace modelu kombinací nelineárního (kubaturního) filtru s metodou lokální linearizace. Tato inverzní metoda je navíc doplněna adaptivním odhadem statistiky šumu měření a šumů procesu (tj. šumů neznámých stavů a parametrů). První část práce je zaměřena na inverzi modelu pouze jednoho časového průběhu; tj. na odhad neuronální aktivity z fMRI signálu. Druhá část generalizuje navrhovaný přístup a aplikuje jej na více časových průběhů za účelem umožnění odhadu parametrů propojení neuronálního modelu interakce; tj. odhadu efektivní konektivity. Tato metoda představuje inovační stochastické pojetí dynamického kauzálního modelování, což ji činí odlišnou od dříve představených přístupů. Druhá část se rovněž zabývá metodami Bayesovského výběru modelu a navrhuje techniku pro detekci irelevantních parametrů propojení za účelem dosažení zlepšeného odhadu parametrů. Konečně třetí část se věnuje ověření navrhovaného přístupu s využitím jak simulovaných tak empirických fMRI dat, a je významných důkazem o velmi uspokojivých výsledcích navrhovaného přístupu.
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E-learning - new interactive teaching methods with an emphasis on multimedia
Budinský, Michal ; Krsek, Libor (advisor) ; Horný, Stanislav (referee)
E-learning - new interactive teaching methods with an emphasis on multimedia The author's main focus is to introduce new concepts, general approaches to current teaching and point out new methods and techniques in the specific area of learning called e-learning. The theoretical part explains the key terms concerning the issues of distance learning using e-learning, and also involves classification and clarification of these key terms that are often being confused by general audience. A small overview of the history helps to characterize the breakthrough technologies of the last century, which have started a new era of scientific disciplines in education. An integral part of e-leaning is multimedia through which is possible to design and use the educational materials directly in teaching. A wide spectrum of multimedia, interactive communication capabilities and the importance of their usage in education, makes e-learning a universally flexible training model which is due to rapid progress in technology more important than ever before. The practical part of the work characterizes a program which is able to create a complete educational material with a possibility of feedback in form of testing and verification of student's knowledge. Furthermore, this program describes the procedure of making video tutorial, which can serve as a medium for the studying itself or as a supplement for live presentations in the classroom. The conclusion highlights the advantages and shortcomings of e-learning and provides the author's contemplation concerning the issues related to the creation of the tutorial and the overall contribution of this thesis.
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School-to-work transition process - participation of secondary schools and employers in this process in the Karlovy Vary Region
Jiroušková, Radka ; Kouřilová, Jana (advisor) ; Měrtlová, Libuše (referee)
Diploma thesis analyzes the process of school-to-work transition in theory and practice. The practical part focuses on the specifics in the Czech Republic and the Karlovy Vary region. The aim is to assess the links between high schools and their students / graduates and employers in the region and the environment in which they interact. The main contribution of this work is to analyze the problem on the example of the Karlovy Vary region through pilot verification and define the main characteristics and deficiencies in the school-to-work transtition process. The main weaknesses of this process are insufficient work habits and working experiences of graduates, improperly selected field of study, lack of interest in studying and low motivation to work. To improve the situation should help to strengthen the links between secondary schools, students / graduates and employers and increasing the involvement of employers in education as is the case in the dual education system.
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Flow structure and energy transformation in an elbow draft tube
Štefan, David ; Skoták, Aleš (referee) ; Rudolf, Pavel (advisor)
Draft tube is very important part of hydraulic turbines. Only optimum work together with turbine can bring highest performance of this machine set. Hence it is necessary to deal with character of flow in the draft tube for different operating conditions. Efficiency of the draft tube depends on many phenomena of flow. Observing these phenomena and finding their relation with energetic transformation in the draft tube is a suitable tool to judge quality of draft tube performance. Incorrect design of the draft tube can sometimes cause lower efficiency of whole machine set. The goal of this thesis is finding the main reasons causing draft tube efficiency drop for given operating conditions.
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Correspondence physics competition of MFF UK - its feedback and development
Kolář, Karel ; Žák, Vojtěch (advisor)
Correspondence physics competition of MFF UK - FYKOS - is extracurricular physical educational activity organized by university students for upper secondary school students. FYKOS is organized by Faculty of Mathematics and Physics of Charles University in Prague (MFF UK). FYKOS' main goals are: dissemination of physics, education of upper secondary school students, establishing conditions for creation of social bindings between participants (and organizers) and propagation of possibility of studies at MFF UK. This work is the first complete text about running of FYKOS and it is also the first systematical feedback from FYKOS' participants and FYKOS' organizers. The first part is a description of all FYKOS' activities (correspondence part, camps, FYKOSí Fyziklání and others). The second chapter includes an analysis of statistical survey of FYKOS' participants. Other chapters are dedicated to the description of gathering feedback and its interpretation. The feedback was made in several ways - interviews, web questionnaire and email questionnaire. Special attention was turned to study and professional development of former participants. Acquired knowledge lead up to formulation of possible improvements of FYKOS which are introduced in the last part of this theses. It was discovered that among respondents of...
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