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Mediated training as a possibility for socially disadvantaged students
Škopková, Pavla ; Krykorková, Hana (advisor) ; Běhalová, Andrea (referee)
This Master thesis aims to solve the question of developmentally-creative possibilities in the schooling process. This question is contextualized education of socially disadvantaged pupils. Because in shaping the learning competencies, this area is not developed enough and specific methods are somewhat rigid, it will be introduced one of the option how to to develop learning skills and abilities of the pupils , and which are in the teaching competencies deemed as essential. In this context will be introduced stimulatory and intervention program of Instrumental Enrichment as a concrete form of execution of Mediated learning and also as an effort of perspective innovation of curriculum. With the intention to point out the limitless possibilities of developing pupil's learning potential, the text focuses on the theoretical and conceptual bases, which constitute the entire program. The program is the instrumental set of tools that lead to the activation of cognitive structures and their subsequent enrichment. Therefore, except the theoretical foundations are also presented cognitive strategies metacognitive training that simplify cognitive modifiability, and that lead to the development of pupils' learning potential.
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Linguistic picture of the particular somatisms in Czech
Škanderová, Adéla ; Janovec, Ladislav (advisor) ; Chejnová, Pavla (referee)
The bachelor thesis deals with a lingvistic picture of the world of the particular somatisms, namely the components of the digestive system (stomach, bile, gall bladder, heartburn, intestine). The theoretical part covers the term cognition, cognitive science and, logically, cognitive linguistics. Furthermore, it includes the indispensable and key topics which have to be taken into account to understand the concept of the linguistic picture of the world, i.e. conceptualization, categorization, metaphor, anthropocentrism etc. The practical part is interested in the real occurence of the somatisms in various language contexts. In particular, their occurence in collocations, phraseology and idiomatic expressions. The analysis is based on the profile theory and its image schema. The lingustic backround is supplemented with the psychosomatic knowledge because it appears to be a helpful science branch while completing and considering the possible connection between the occurence of somatism in the language of the specific culture and extralinguistic reality.
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Biological determinations of cognitive disorders
Vítek, Petr ; Šivicová, Gabriela (advisor) ; Stehlík, Luděk (referee)
As a topic of my bachelor thesis I have chosen "Biological determinants of cognitive disorders". Because of the bachelor thesis' coverage I was forced to choose only two cognitive functions - memory and thinking. This work as a whole is an attempt to combine psychological theories with neurological and psychiatric knowledge which are now popular thanks to the rapid development of imaging techniques of brain. One chapter is specifically focused on their brief summary. In the beginning specific cognitive functions are circumscribed but only two of them are taken further - memory and thinking. More space is dedicated to memory because neurological research of memory is much more complex compared to thinking. My approach is similar in both cognitive functions - at first I focus on description of normal functioning and then I classify and describe specific disorders, trying to find their neurological correlations. The second part of my bachelor thesis proposes the research of episodic memory, in which I would compare differences in its distortions from both neurological and neuropsychological perspective. Patients with delusions, pseudologia fantastica and patients with often confabulations are the target group. I tried to create as realistic design as possible. However I realize its financial...
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Metaphor as a Tool for Communication and Creative Thought
Policar, Antonín ; Kulka, Tomáš (advisor) ; Stejskal, Jakub (referee)
This work is concerned with the role of metaphor in language, discourse and thought. The first section presents a brief historical survey of the origins and development of theorizing about the metaphor as a legitimate cognitive tool and not just a rhetorically or poetically effective but otherwise uninformative sort of expression. The aim of the second section is to outline several different accounts of metaphor given by contemporary researchers in the fields of the philosophy of language, congnitive psychology and linguistics as well as to hint at some possible ways they could be interconnected. Especially those theories are concerned which in some way diverge from the traditional view on metaphor as a fringe phenomenon of language and discourse and which on the contrary stress its central role in the meaning- making activity of the human mind. Although the work does not focus primarly on the metaphor in art, its relevance for aesthetics lies nevertheless in its highlighting certain aesthetic or poetic aspects of human reasoning and everyday communication. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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The influence of corticosterone and corticoliberin on damage of the hippocampus and their relation to cognition
Řezáčová, Lenka ; Mareš, Pavel (advisor) ; Mejsnar, Jiří (referee) ; Šusta, Marek (referee)
Dissertation "The influence of corticosterone and corticoliberin on damage of the hippocampus and their relation to cognition" deals with the cognitive, behavioral and histological changes in experimental rat strain long-evans that closer describe the consequences of long-term continuous application of corticoliberin and/or corticosterone. Testing of the behavioral changes was divided into two phases. The first one - within three or fourweeks respectively administration of these hormones, therefore until their early effects - and the second phase - after four weeks of completion of the first phase at the time of the possible late effects. In the twelfth week the experimental animals were killed and in the group which had exogenously elevated corticosterone, the morphological changes in the hippocampus were monitored and measured. In all experimental groups alteration of behavior was observed. Histological and morphological changes in the brain we have found. Layout of experiments in two testing phases allowed differentiation of the early changes and the late and persistent changes. The arrangement of experiments allowed the choice of tests to compare not only individual effects of both hormones (corticoliberin and corticosterone) but also their coactioning and biological responses to them. Using a wider...
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Cognition test for testing object permanence in birds and primates
Marhounová, Lucie ; Landová, Eva (advisor) ; Veselý, Petr (referee)
Object permanence is a cognitive ability to mentally represent the existence and the movement of hidden objects. This phenomenon is being developed since birth in six different stages following the development of the sensorimotor intelligence. Not only the humans but also the other animals possess a certain notion of hidden objects and acquire various degrees of this ability depending on their life strategies. This thesis summarizes the research conducted up to the present in the field of the object permanence within the infant developmental psychology, but particularly in the animal world with the emphasis on the taxa where this ability has been most researched, that is in primates and birds. This thesis also recapitulates the types of the cognitive tasks used in the object permanence research and compares the methods of experiments applied to the humans, the primates and the birds. Part of this thesis also involves a phylogenetic reconstruction estimate of the ancestral character status in terms of the object permanence and testing the progress dependance of such character in relation to the selected ecological factors in primates.
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Testing traits Saarloos wolfdog and Czechoslovakian wolfdog
Peterová, Dalia ; Fiala Šebková, Naděžda (advisor) ; Jana, Jana (referee)
This thesis is about cognitive behavior of dogs and wolves. It focuses on breeds of Czechoslovakian Wolfdog and Saarlooswolfdog, resulting from crossbreeding of a dog and a wolf. The thesis describes their natural behavior and abilities to cooperate and communicate with humans.
The thesis repeats series of behavioral experiments performed on dogs and wolfs described by Ádám Miklósi in his study from 2003 "A Simple Reason for a Big Difference: Wolves Do Not Look Back at Humans, but Dogs Do". We were interested to know how these particular crossbreeds would behave in the same model situations, thus we tested them on the Czechoslovakian Wolfdogs and Saarlooswolfdogs.
The first study shows whether the subjects are able to locate hidden food indicated by a known gesture of a human experimenter. The second study examines whether the subject, that is not able to solve a similarly looking task by itself, looks at a human for clues. The dog easily learns how to solve a simple task: opening an object to get to food. And it subsequently faces a similar situation, in which, it is impossible for the dog to resolve it by itself.
These experiments demonstrate that Czechoslovakian Wolfdog and Saarlooswolfdog are able to collaborate with humans with similar willingness. There is no statistical difference between these two breeds and the two sexes of these animals.
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The kea and the kaka, their distribution, state of endangerment and cognitive abilities
Vrbenská, Šárka ; Ledvinka, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Zita, Lukáš (referee)
The kea and the kaka are parrots endemic to the New Zealand. The kea occures mainly in mountains, the kaka has it's habitat in the native forests. The kea can be easily tamed and is by then often seen around touristic locations. Eventhough, he is quite rare. His population is estimated on 5 000 individuals. Both species are threatened by introduced mammals, who predate on their eggs, chicks and rearing females. Their numbers are decreasing also because of a competition about honeydew with introduced wasps and the lost of their natural habitat. The last two reasons occur especialy with the kaka.
Both species feed generally on vegetal food supplemented with a small amount of animal protein, which is obtained principally from insects. Rumors about keas hunting and killing sheep are today considered being overstated, however there is a high possibility they like to nibble meat and fat from dead sheep. Despite this settlement and the fact they are both protected by law, some farmers keep shooting them.
There is only about 40 kakas and 250 keas in zoological gardens and other institutions over the world. Both species need to be kept in spacious aviaries that are firm enough to resist their strong beeks. They are very social so they must be kept in pairs or flocks.
These parrots are very inteligents, inquisitives and social. Therefore, there is a lot of experiments about the cognitive abilities of the kea. It has been found that he is able to learn simple tasks like pulling a string with a treat on it or opening a box with several locks. It is also possible that the individuals learn to perform operations only by simple observation of another bird.
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Model of relationship between poverty and decision-making
Svatoš, Filip ; Burian, Jan (advisor) ; Berka, Petr (referee)
This thesis deals with a design of a model of financial decision making in humans with limited cognitive resources under conditions of poverty, subsequent creation of a computer simulation based on this model, finding parameters in which this model generates a behavior close to real data and testing the behavior of the model under different conditions. The created model is based on current findings in fields of psychology and economics regarding decision making, limited cognitive resources and impact of poverty on cognitive resources and decision making. The model is created using the system dynamics methodology and subsequently, with the use of UML language, implemented into a computer simulation in programmable environment NetLogo. Testing the model showed its ability to generate a behavior close to real data and thus its potential to be used as a model for studying and understanding of the dealt problem and experimenting in order to finding new ways of dealing with the problem of poverty.
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