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Synthesis and Characterization of Multifunctionalized Biodegradable Copolymers
Michlovská, Lenka ; Petrůj, Jaroslav (referee) ; Lehocký,, Marián (referee) ; Vojtová, Lucy (advisor)
Předložená disertační práce shrnuje současné poznatky v oblasti termosenzitivních biodegradabilních kopolymerů, které ve formě vodného solu gelují při teplotě lidského těla. Tyto polymerní materiály jsou použitelné v medicíně pro injekční aplikace jako nosiče léčiv či resorbovatelné implantáty pro regeneraci tkání. V experimentální práci byly pomocí vakuové linky syntetizovány termosenzitivní amfifilní triblokové kopolymery na bázi biodegradabilního hydrofobního polylaktidu a polyglykolidu a biokompatibilního hydrofilního polyethylenglykolu (PLGA–PEG–PLGA). Připravený PLGA–PEG–PLGA kopolymer se dvěma fázovými přechody sol-gel a gel-suspenze byl následně modifikován anhydridem kyseliny itakonové. Výsledný funkcionalizovaný ITA/PLGA–PEG–PLGA/ITA kopolymer obsahuje na koncích řetězců reaktivní dvojné vazby vhodné k další polymeraci či síťování a karboxylové skupiny pro případné modifikace biologicky aktivními látkami. Fyzikální i chemické síťování bylo dále sledováno jak z hlediska poměrů hydrofilního a hydrofobního řetězce, tak i z hlediska množství navázané kyseliny itakonové. Vodné roztoky syntetizovaného ITA/PLGA–PEG–PLGA/ITA kopolymeru gelují v rozmezí teplot 33 - 43 °C. Kritická gelační koncentrace byla 6 % a kritická gelační teplota 34 °C pro kopolymer s poměrem PLGA/PEG = 2,5. Čím je kopolymer více hydrofobní, tím geluje dříve a je více hydrolyticky stabilní. Tuhost gelu stoupá se zvyšujícím se poměrem PLGA/PEG a je závislá na typu rozpouštědla použitého při přečišťování kopolymeru. Připravené ITA/PLGA–PEG–PLGA/ITA makomonomerů byly síťovány pomocí modrého světla bez dalšího síťovadla. Hydrolytická stabilita vzorků modifikovaných pomocí ITA se výrazně zlepšila a zvýšila v přímé úměře jak s rostoucí dobou síťování, tak s množstvím dvojných vazeb na koncích řetězců. Vzorek s 63 mol% ITA síťovaný 40 minut ve vodě zcela zdegradoval po 32 dnech. Protonovou NMR relaxometrií bylo zjištěno, že když vzorek ve vodě nabotnal (po cca 12 hodinách), množství nevázané vody se začalo snižovat a postupně difundovat do kavit na povrchu vzorku a pomalu se měnit na slabě a pevně vázanou vodu na polymerní řetězce. Nicméně, termální stabilita chemicky síťovaných vzorků vzrůstala pouze do 20 minut síťování. Pomocí ATR-FTIR bylo prokázáno, že se přibližně 57 % dvojných vazeb kyseliny itakonové (při vlnové délce 1640 cm-1) přeměnilo na nové jednoduché RR'C-CHR'' vazby při vlnové délce 795 cm-1. Delší čas síťování (nad 30 minut) vedl ke změnám v chemické struktuře pomocí beta-štěpení řetězců a částečné rekombinaci dvojných vazeb. Díky vzniku nových dvojných vazeb v jiných částech řetězce se snížila termální stabilita z 242 °C na 237° C a teplota skelného přechodu z -2,2 na -5.8 °C. Předložená práce popisuje, jak složení polymeru, modifikace funkčními skupinami a fyzikální podmínky ovlivňují fyzikální a chemické síťování připravených amfifilních kopolymerů. Kontrola hydrolytické a termální stability hydrogelů je zapotřebí zejména při uvolňování léčiv a regeneraci tkání.
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Preparation of quarternary cationic tenzides and their evaluation
Slavětinská, Lenka ; Doležal, Martin (advisor) ; Musílek, Kamil (referee)
Preparation of quarternary cationic tensides and their evaluation. Lenka Slavětinská This thesis was focused on a synthesis of three homological series of tensides. The analogues of N-phenylethyl-N,N-dimethyl-N-alkylammoniumbromide; 3-hydroxy-1-alkylpyridiniumbromide and 4-hydroxyiminomethyl-1-alkylpyridinium- bromide were prepared. All prepared structures were confirmed by the NMR, EA and ESI-MS analysis. Their critical micellar concentration (CMC) was measured by conductometry and the reduced CMC with increasing alkyl chain was proved. The concentration scale for the measurement of micellar catalysis of p- nitrophenylcaprylate and p-nitrophenylcaprate was based on CMC outcomes. Only more lipophilic tensides were used, because their higher reactivity with chosen substrates was expected.
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CHILD BULLING AND THE LAW
SMOLA, Zdeněk
The main reason for undertaking this analysis and synthesis of the findings into the present state of the socio-pathological behaviour of child bullying is the unsatisfactory and complicated situation we find when dealing with this phenomenon. When examining the subject of school bullying in the first instance (within a school), the basic problem is the definition of bullying. We can only use a definition which is acceptable by all three basic subjects: the pupil, the school and the legal guardian of the child. Criminal law does not recognize the definition of bullying as such. The explanation of the actual situation is specifically given in this thesis. Even the definitions quoted by the experts and those found in specialized literature cannot be taken as the final words because they can be easily questioned and undermined. This subject cannot be catigorized by anyone and this based upon the grounds that another of version of the definition of the term can be preferred. This thesis also pays attention to criminal law, as well as finding the means for the prevention of bullying and further education on this subject, as they are all essential parts in combating this socio-pathological phenomena. The qualitative research has been aimed in gathering the relevant information concentrated in the following specific areas: that of primary education, the statistics from the Police of the Czech Republic and also upon the data gathered by the Sdružení Linka bezpečí (the Czech Telepohne Line for Children), as well as the Probation and Mediation Services in Třebíč Region. This research also includes national statistical data from the Police of the Czech Republic and chosen NGOs. To support the finding that have been collected, this data cannot be generalized. Therefore it is necessary to observe certain legal conditions which prevent the objectivity of this research. This mainly concerns the data regarding the perpetrators (aggressors) of bullying who are minors, even though there is no doubt that they are guilty of the crime.
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The corporality and landscape phenomenon in the mutual relation-ship
Černá, Johana ; Bláha, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Jakubcová Hajdušková, Lucie (referee)
There are six chapters in the theoretical part of my diploma work. In these chapters I treat the corporality and landscape phenomenon in the perspective of philosophy, visual arts and the environment. I focus on the relationship of human being to landscape and its influence on the natural processes and the continuity in the feedback from landscape to human being. In the following I try to make the parallel comparison and synthesis of these two seemingly different topics and try to analyze these notions from many different angles. I offer critical comment on two most significant "representatives" of the corporality and landscape problems - land-art and body-art - and try to provide other solutions and connections. The educational part of my work was named The Project "The Way". It gives a suggestion of the educational application of my topic and reflects practically proved part of my project. The Project is mainly focused on the restoration or searching for the relation to the place, which has formative meaning to a child. The very last, graphic part, that was called "The Place", reflects the evolution of my theoretical and art contemplations from the corporality and landscape phenomenon towards the final artwork.
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Detergents based on quarternized nitrogenous heterocycles.
Marek, Jan ; Hrabálek, Alexandr (advisor) ; Jun, Daniel (referee)
This thesis is divided into three subsections. In the first part, there is described synthesis of seven already known benzalkonium homologues (C8-C20), which were used as a standard compounds for synthesis and analyzes of amphiphilic substances. The second part deals with preparation for other series of quartenary detergents having heteroaromatic rings (pyridine, isoquinoline, quinoline, acridine) in their structures. According to the analysis of the newly prepared compounds, we have prepared all pyridinium, quinolinium, isoquinolinium homoloques only. Our future forts will by focus on acridinium salts, which we were not able to prepare. Moreover, further biological activity evaluation was managed and its results will be obtained within several month. In the third part, the measurement of inhibition activity compared with acetylcholinesterase and critical micellar concentration was realized.
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Alfred Kubin's illustrations for his novel Die andere Seite
Hlávka, Jan ; Wittlich, Petr (advisor) ; Rakušanová, Marie (referee)
Presented study is concerned with the role of illustration in the book Visions from the Other Side by Alfred Kubin. It is divided into two parts. First of them focuses on the genesis of the book and tries to elucidate its historical, artistic and philosohical backgrounds. It also sets down its position among other works of Kubin. In this sense it hopes to explicate that the novel is not a beginning of a completely new stage of Kubin's work, but rather a synthesis of impulses collected during previous complicated years. The second part of my work deals with the motivic structure of Visions from the Other Side and the relation between its illustrations and text. It also attempts at critical reading of interpretations hitherto written, with attention focused primarily on novel's pictural body (which has been to date somewhat neglected)
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The Evolution of Menopause and Duration of Reproductive Life-span in Humans and it's Comparison with Social Mammals.
Fuxová, Helena ; Brůžek, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Blažek, Vladimír (referee)
This paper concludes basic information about reproductive life-span in humans, however the special emphasis is placed on a synthesis of available knowledge about the existence and evolution of menopause and postreproductive period. Based on published data, the paper focuses on the occurrence of these phenomena, not only in humans but also in other social mammals. Subsequently, this paper finds out that the termination of reproduction followed by postreproductive life-span is not only present in humans, but similar phenomena can be found also in other taxa. The special attention is given to the primates and the cetaceans, where the menopause phenomenon is being well studied. Moreover, to present a more complex and in-depth view into the topic, it is also crucial to mention a different point of view by the short insight into the existence of the menopause in other vertebrata and invertebrates. Moreover, there are compared phenomena of menopause and postreproductive period of humans and other representatives of the animal kingdom. Bachelor's thesis is the finding that menopause or end of reproduction followed by postreproductive life-span are phenomena more common than it is generally believed. The subsequent goal is a critical look at the main theories about the evolution of menopause in humans (" The...
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Microprosody analysis
Přibil, Jiří ; Vích, Robert
In the contribution the statistical and spectral analyses of the microintonation component for several speakers are performed and used for the synthesis of a FIR digital filter for suppresion of the microintonation signal prior to the decomposition of the virtual melody contour into the sentence and word melody.
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Copper in Eneolithic Bohemia
Dobeš, Miroslav ; Jiráň, Luboš (advisor) ; Bátora, Jozef (referee) ; Stuchlík, Stanislav (referee)
Univerzita Karlova v Praze Filozofická fakulta Ústav pro pravěk a ranou dobu dějinnou Miroslav Dobeš Měď v eneolitických Čechách Copper in Eneolithic Bohemia Disertační práce Abstract vedoucí práce - Doc. PhDr. Luboš Jiráň, CSc. 2012 Abstract Miroslav Dobeš: Copper in Eneolithic Bohemia. Copper artifacts are an important source of understanding for European prehistory, not only in terms of the development of new technologies, but also importantly as a means of social communication. The gradual perception of the copper objects from their initial importing to simple cold forging to pyrotechnological processes and culminating in the Early Bronze Age tin bronze alloys, can be observed already in the Near East at the end of the 9th Millenium B.C., in other words the Aceramic Neolithic (Çayönü Tepesi). Within Europe, there has been a rapid initial development of metalurgy in the Balkans, aproximatelly in the middle of the 5th Millenium B.C., in Central Europe this innovation has arrived sometime around 4000 B.C., or shortly afterwards. The present work is the first thorough analysis of the Czech Eneolithic copper industry, which is based largely on original documentation of findings and attempts to complete the synthesis of sources. From a chronological point of view, this work covers the entire period of the...
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Selected consequences of society‘s informatization
Zíma, Stanislav ; Rosický, Antonín (advisor) ; Pavlíček, Antonín (referee)
The aim of the thesis is to describe selected consequences of informatization on the basis of three different views' critical synthesis. First view is an historical perspective focused on medialisation of information and its influence on shaping of man's thinking. On the background of technological progress are shown the milestones in changing of social reality. Another view is to describe the infromation society as a present phenomenon with its general characteristics. The last point of view is based on the hypothesis sof Global brain, which describes mankind as a network of nerve cells, connected to global computer network. Thesis is not intended to be a comprehesive overview of the informatization's consequences but it tries to explain basic issues related to information society.
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