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Association between olfactory and cognitive abilities in elderly individuals
Babuská, Anna ; Havlíček, Jan (advisor) ; Vodička, Jan (referee)
During the process of aging, the human mental and physical abilities decline. Olfactory abilities are not an exception. A significant decrease of olfactory capabilities in patients with Parkinson's disease was firstly observed a few decades ago. After the discovery of the relationship between olfactory abilities and cognitive abilities in patients with neurodegenerative disease, the same relationship was also found in healthy aging people. It seems that the factors causing the decline of cognition foremost affect the olfactory functions. A number of studies suggests, that this could lead to a possibility of prediction of the future cognitive decline through the assessment of olfactory decline. Our research followed the results of these studies as a part of the NANOK study. Testing of the smell abilities was done in 2014 and 2015. Participants were screened with the Sniffin 'Sticks. Cognitive functions were tested with an extensive battery of cognitive tests. The processiong of data was divided into two parts. In the first part we tested the olfactory identification and discrimination relationship with the general cognitive abilities and the level of the executive functions. In the second part we tested the possibility of prediction of cognitive functions using the smell identification and discrimination...
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How children solve word problems in mathematics containing traditional and non-traditional gender content
Nováková, Veronika ; Smetáčková, Irena (advisor) ; Páchová, Anna (referee)
The goal of my thesis is to find out how school children react to word problems in mathematics that defy traditional distinction of gender roles in a typical household. This Bachelor Thesis compares in which word problems (with traditional or nontraditional gender content) children score higher and whether boys/girls in 2nd or 6th grade are more successful in solving them. It also differentiates if there are any noticeable differences between girls and boys. The research was carried out by mixed methodology and I used sequential progression of data. Firstly, I handed out the forms, then came the investigation of previously mentioned forms which granted me a better insight on the research of this particular phenomenon in the field. After the quantitative collecting of data came the qualitative investigation using half-structured interviews.
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Selfrecognition, selfawareness and other cognitive functions in cetaceans
Jachnická, Kristýna ; Šimková, Olga (advisor) ; Adamová, Dana (referee)
Self recognition is highly discused topic in cognitive sciences. Experiments on a level of behavioral (mirror test, reference tests of body parts using) show that animals usually are able to realize parts of their own body. There are several experimental evidence among cetaceans of this kind that proved that they are conscious of their own body parts (self awareness). There are also many other complex cognitive skills that can be predisposition to self recognition or that can prove that cetaceans are conscious of they own mind (self consciousness). Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Anotated translation: José Luis Díaz: "CIENCIA Y ARTE: LA INTELIGENCIA DE LAS MUSAS"
Hrách, Ondřej ; Králová, Jana (advisor) ; Charvátová, Anežka (referee)
This bachelor's thesis consists of two main parts. The first part is constituted by the translation from Spanish to Czech of the selected essays written by the Mexican author José Luis Díaz and published in his book El ábaco, la lira y la rosa: las regiones del conocimiento, specifically in the sixth chapter named CIENCIA Y ARTE: LA INTELIGENCIA DE LAS MUSAS. The second part consists of the translation annotation, which is comprised of the translation analysis of the source text, the characterisation of the applied translation procedures, and the description of the specific problems arisen during the translation process, including the explanation of the chosen solutions. Key words: annotated translation, translation of essays, translation analysis, translation problems, translation procedures, Mexican essay, science and art, knowledge, cognition
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Nervous system and cognitive abilities of gallinaceous birds
Zhang, Yicheng ; Němec, Pavel (advisor) ; Landová, Eva (referee)
2. Abstract Avian brain has traditionally been looked upon as a small, simple and almost entirely composed of basal ganglia and subserving exclusively instinctive behavior. In stark contrast to these obsolete notions, recent evidence demonstrates that, despite a lack of layered neocortex, extensive regions of the avian cerebrum are homologous to pallial components of the mammalian brain, conform to the same organizational principles and play similar roles in higher cognitive functions. Indeed, behavioural studies have shown that some birds have cognitive abilities that match or surpass those of mammals, most notably corvids and parrots rivalling the great apes in many cognitive domains. While these highly encephalized birds are often utilized as models in behavioural studies addressing avian cognitive capacities, less encephalized birds receive only scant attention. The gallinaceous birds (Galliformes), which together with the anseriform birds (Anseriformes) represent a sister group of Neoaves and the most basal clade of Neognathae, possess relatively small brains. Their cerebrotype is characterized by small forebrain, small nidopallium and large brain stem. Brain of gallinaceous birds is significantly lateralized. Brains of domesticated galliforms are significantly reduced in comparison to brain of their...
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Positive aspects of depression
Halmlová, Martina ; Preiss, Marek (advisor) ; Bartošková, Magda (referee)
This thesis describes an evolutionary theory of depression and related Rumination hypothesis. This hypothesis suggests that depression can have a positive effect on cognition and can lead to an analytical style of thinking that is useful for problem solving. To confirm the hypothesis, this thesis is using tasks focused on sequential decision making called secretary's problem. Thus, the work examines the hypothesis that depressed respondents perform better in the task than healthy respondents. Partial results of the whole study analyzed in this thesis show that the hypothesis could not be confirmed, which the author justifies in the debate and confronts these findings with the results of similar research.
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Concept of human being during categorization process in birds
Kocourková, Zuzana ; Landová, Eva (advisor) ; Exnerová, Alice (referee)
Quick and successful recognition and categorisation of a potential social or sexual partner as well as dangerous predators is an essential ability for each animal. Creation of categories and cognitive processes required to do so are of great importance to uderstanding to cognition of other species than human. This thesis aims primarily on categorisation experiments using pigeons. Recognition and categorisation might be exercised via a concept (a mental representation). Exercise of this highly evolved approach in pigeons is a subject of a dispute. This thesis goes through and evaluate research on categorisation and presence of a concept, mainly a concept of a human being. It answers what type of concept is utilised and introduces a conclusion of pigeons having a concept and an ability to exercise it. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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