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Spatial orientation in Odonata
Hupková, Lenka ; Černý, Martin (advisor) ; Sacherová, Veronika (referee)
The aim of this review is to evaluate and sum up an existing knowledge about spatial orientation of dragonflies, particularly at small and medium spatial scales. I deal mostly with orientation by horizontally polarized light, which belongs among the most explored field of orientation of Odonata; beside that I explore an orientation of dragonflies during the habitat selection and within their home ranges / territories. Regarding the latter, I pay an attention namely to the function of spatial landmarks, which has not been yet fully explored and offers a lot of opportunities for further research (like many other orientation topics of Odonata). I also briefly discuss an orientation of dragonflies during migrations. Besides the visual orientation I mention the orientation by olfactory sense, tough Odonata was concerned anosmic for a long time. Key words: spatial orientation, visual orientation, dragonflies, Odonata, landmarks
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Social Work with Visually Impaired Clients
Šírlová, Nela ; Krahulcová, Beáta (advisor) ; Zelinková, Olga (referee)
The thesis is focussed on social work with visually impaired clients. The theoretical part deals with eyesight, anatomy, physiology of the eye and various visual defects; further, on personality of handicapped individuals, quality of their lives, provided social assistance, methods of typhlo- rehabilitation and appropriate utensils. The application section searches by means of qualitative research, namely semi-structured interview and observation, complex functioning of an asylum for the handicapped - Home for Visually Impaired Clients PALATA, Prague. The dissertation presents, according to the findings, personalities of the interviewed, their subjective difficulties, the way they cope with the obstacles, their level of contentment, and considers bounds of assistance possibilities from the social background. The objective of the thesis is to describe options of social work with visually impaired clients. To present their personalities and difficulties they deal with due to their handicap. And as well as to show how they cope with them and how their social environment can help with the acceptance of their impairment. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Labyrinths - in the role of an instrument developping space and plane orientation of pre-school child
Černá, Lenka ; Kaslová, Michaela (advisor) ; Kvasz, Ladislav (referee)
The aim of the thesis is to determine whether the practice of using a graded series of labyrinths affect their final solution, hence the orientation in the plane, check the level of understanding of labyrinths and determine whether the sex of children affect the resulting solution. Thus, the work environment uses of labyrinths to develop a structured orientation in a limited space for pre-school children aged five to six (seven) years. The theoretical part characterizes preschool child and explains the context pre- mathematical literacy and orientation in space/plane with the delegation on labyrinthsurthermore, the labyrinths of focus in terms of historical, semantic and didactic.Furthermore, the labyrinths of focus in terms of historical, semantic and didactic. The practical part describes research which in obtaining information from the set of samples used structured observations and findings to the final results of the comparative analysis. They are discussed in connection with: the needs of the child and their saturation; orientation in space/plane; problem situation; interactions of teachers and children. KEY WORDS Pre-school children, pre-mathematical literacy, space orientation, plane orientation, labyrinths, applied methods and phormes of solution.
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Flexibility in spatial cognition of rat
Staňková, Anna ; Svoboda, Jan (advisor) ; Telenský, Petr (referee)
5 Abstract Cognitive flexibility is an ability to adapt a behavior according to a dynamic changes in an environment. It belongs to executive functions, along with the processes of working memory, attention, motivation and others. Flexibility is important in the process of changing "stimulus-response" contingency at the time when the initial stimulus no longer leads to reward. According to the nature of the changes we can distinguish three types of cognitive flexibility: reversal learning, intradimensional set shifting and extradimensional set shifting. The processes of cognitive flexibility take place in fronto-striato-thalamic circuit with numerous connections to other brain regions, especially the limbic system. Deficit in cognitive flexibility belongs among cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia, a psychiatric illness we studied in the experimental part of this work using its analogue in rat. The aim of the experimental work was to test cognitive flexibility deficit in the rat model of schizophrenia-like behavior in the Carousel maze in four versions of task with different cognitive load. Animal model of schizophrenia was induced by acute administration of non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 at doses of 0.05 and 0.10 mg/kg i.p. Reversal learning was not damaged in this type of task following the...
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Spatial orientation inestigation
Rebcová, Martina ; Čakrt, Ondřej (advisor) ; Bitnar, Petr (referee)
Goal: The goal of the study is to find out whether increasing age is related to the level of spatial orientation disorder. The study summarizes a current knowledge about spatial orientation, both from the point of view of neurophysiology and aging, and its investigation. We research and compare two different age groups with the aid of three tests. The issue of physiological aging that potentialyl causes a disorder of spatial orientation is discussed in the experimental part of the thesis. Hypothesis: Increasing age affects spatial perception. Methods: We used Montreal cognitive test to select mentally healthy participants, and divided them into two different age groups. The group A is composed of 10 people aged from 75 to 85, their average age is 77 years. 10 people aged from 18 to 25 fall into the group B, their average age is 23 years. These particular groups were tested by Triangulation test and so-called "follow the route" test. Results: The complex of apllied tests confirmed the difference between group A and group B. There is a connection between physiological aging and lowered capability of spatial navigation. Conclusion: The results prove a change of spatial orientation due to physiological aging. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Testing of spatial orientation in leopard gecko ( Eublepharis macularius)
Voňavková, Monika ; Landová, Eva (advisor) ; Svoboda, Jan (referee)
The ability of the spatial orientation of the reptiles is not fully researched yet. It is unknown if reptiles use only simple types of navigation, for example cue learning (one key mark), or more difficult types, for example allothetic navigation (combination of marks) or cognitive map (mental representation of the area). The main aim of this thesis was examine the possibility of the spatial orientation in lizard leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius) in modificated Morris water maze (MWM). Design of the experiments was based on Parallel Map Theory, a theory which describes using spatial information from more navigation frames. The leopard gecko preferences of orientation frames were tested . That means the ability to combinate the spatial information from the bearing maps (one mark and gradient) and the sketch maps (local marks). This ability is prerequisite for creating the integrated map. The research was also focused on the significance of the simple cue learning strategy and cognitive more difficult allothetic navigation for the orientation of leopard gecko. Leopard geckos can use the combination of information from the navigation frames, which indicate the possibility of integrated map creation. Usage of navigation strategies is individual. Keywords: reptiles, leopard gecko, spatial...
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Immediate early genes as a tool for study of spatial orientation and memory
Bláhová, Veronika ; Němec, Pavel (advisor) ; Telenský, Petr (referee)
Properties of the environment, spatial orientation cues and time-shifting movements are essential for cognitive maps. The understanding of how both space and the animal's position within that space are represented in the brain has been significantly advanced by the discoveries of four principal neuronal types: the place cells, the head direction cells, the grid cells and border cells. Their activity being driven by both allothetic (visual and non-visual landmarks), and idiothetic cues (internal movement cues based on proprioceptive and vestibular information). Brain regions containing aforementioned types of neurons constitute complex spatial representation system. Immediate early genes (IEGs) and their products became sophisticated tool for the study of neural substrate of spatial orientation including magnetic orientation. For further research it is unavoidable to uncover the dynamic of processes related to IEGs in order to better understanding the functions of brain centres involved in rodent navigation circuit. This work summarises our knowledge about spatial orientation of the vertebrates aimed at rodents, in context with detection of IEGs expression as activity markers in neural substrate. There are described most common experimental mazes and most frequent detection methods used in connection with...
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Spatial orientation in reptiles focused on methods of testing of allothetic navigation
Voňavková, Monika ; Landová, Eva (advisor) ; Telenský, Petr (referee)
Recently are known several different navigational systems in reptiles, mainly large scale navigational abilities based on sun and magnetic compass. The turtles are frequently used species in studies of spatial cognition, however, informations about spatial cognitive abilities in snakes and lizards (order Squamata) are only a few. Current knowledge concerning mechanism of small scale navigation based on allothetic orientation in snakes and lizards is only poorly understood. Aim of this thesis is review the literature about the mechanisms of reptile spatial orientation focused on allothetic navigation (using of external landmarks). As extension of this thesis is review of the principles of testing allothetic orientation in other groups (e. g. mammals) that were frequently used as a subject for testing allothetic orientation). The design of tests of allothetic orientation in model species of lizards (Eublepharis macularius) is one of the results of this thesis. Keywords: reptiles, spatial orientation, allothetic navigation
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Using the Carousel Maze as a test of cognitive symptoms in an animal model of schizophrenia
Buchtová, Helena ; Landová, Eva (advisor) ; Jiruška, Přemysl (referee)
Spatial behaviour of animals is used to model cognitive human abilities such as declarative learning and memory. Cognitive deficits accompany a number of neuropsychiatric disorders and their treatment is most problematic. Schizophreniais one of these disorders. Behavioral, neurochamical, and molecular evidence point to a critical role of the NMDA glutamatergic receptors in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Disruption of their function results in behavioral and physiological changes including dysregulation of the depaminergic neurotransmission. This fact is used to model schizophrenia-related symptoms by systemic administration of NMDA receptor antagonists. Models combining administration of these drugs with behavioral tests aimed at specific cognitive deficits are of particular interest. This thesis use existing evidence to show that the Carousel Maze is such a behavioral test, which uses dynamic spatial learning to test the ability to coordinate discordant information and specific use of the relevant cues.
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