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Human Nature in St. Augustine
Šavel, Tibor ; Vopřada, David (advisor) ; Ventura, Václav (referee)
The thesis deals with St. Augustineś concept of human nature from the anthropological perspective and in its relation to Godś grace. It is based on a detailed description of the period in which St. Augustine lived; both in terms of a school of thoughts of educated classes of the Roman Empire and in terms of general relations among people of that era. This matter becomes more apparent in a polemic with other contemporary concepts about mans salvation.
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Problem of Grace in St. Augustin
Spiegelová, Veronika ; Rybák, David (advisor) ; Hauser, Michael (referee)
This bachelor thesis deals with St. Augustine and his theology of grace. It briefly introduces the context of Augustine's philosophy, explains the basic terms, and mainly focuses on the interpretation of Augustine's study of grace. It first analyses the thoughts and ideas of Saint Paul, the Apostle, which are relevant to the subject. Then it moves on to explaining the continuous development of Augustine's study of grace: how it is portrayed in his early works, the way in which it developed in his argument with Pelagius, and finally it introduces Augustine's most radical idea - the concept of predestination from his work To Simplician. The last part of the thesis covers the corresponding topic of love, specifically the love of neighbour, as it is discussed by Hannah Arendth in her work Love and Saint Augustine.
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God's Image in Gregory of Nyssa
Marunová, Magdalena ; Karfík, Filip (advisor) ; Bartoň, Josef (referee) ; Dus, Jan (referee)
The aim of this work is to introduce Gregory of Nyssa's doctrine of man as the image of God, based especially on his work Περ κατασκευ ς νθρώπουὶ ῆ ἀ (De hominis opificio). In his work Gregory created quite a systematic anthropological treatise based on Stoic sources, Biblical interpretations inspired by Philo of Alexandria and Origen, as well as on ancient medicine. In contrast to the ancient philosophical school views concerning human being, Gregory refuses the parallel of man as a small world and says that the dignity of man consists not in being similar to the created world, but to the Creator. There are many attributes that constitute human similarity to God, but especially due to the incomprehensibility man is the image of God. The incomprehensibility consists in human mind (νο ςῦ ) in which the human likeness to God can most apparently be recognized. It cannot be placed anywhere in the body and the connection between mind and body is, according to Gregory, unspeakable: the mind does not reside in any particular part of the body, but yet it acts in and is influenced by the whole body. The image of God is the whole mankind, from the first up to the last created human being. When the planned number of souls is completed, the time and everything that happens in time will come to an end. In the...
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Problem of Woman's Nature
Průšková, Adéla ; Hogenová, Anna (advisor) ; Rybák, David (referee)
The main subject of this thesis is feminine nature. The goal is to capture the essence of womanhood in the entirety of the world. There is a difference between the experience of a woman's life and the world around her. We must therefore ask how the world around us is set up, what nature itself entails, how the society views a woman and how a woman views herself. The work is divided into three main parts. The first part deals with the nature according to two of the most important thinkers of antiquity: Plato and Aristotle. The second section examines the nature and essence of womanhood as viewed by the French philosopher Simone de Beauvoir. In the final part, we discuss some of the phenomena related to the issue of womanhood nowadays, such as physicality, dignity, human culture and responsibility. The whole work shows that it is essential for us to demand freedom of self-realization which along with the need for cooperation of both genders in establishing basic rules of the world that men and women inhabit together, provides for women to self-realize freely in harmony with their own experience of the world. Keywords woman, nature, physis, freedom, the wholeness of the world, man's world, woman's world, transcendence
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The Relationship of Hedonism and Humanism
Jerman, Ondřej ; Jirsa, Jakub (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
The diploma thesis discusses the relationship between humanism and hedonism. However, its main objective is not to explain the terms in their summarized historical relatedness but to point out their internal coherence. The fundamental issue the thesis deals with is the fact that sentient beings suffer from sorrow. Enumerating the reasons why it is important to search for a solution would be a waste of our reader's time. It is necessary to understand that we don't expect empirical science to solve the problem since - despite the enthusiasm significant for this modern period - has not introduced any relief from sorrow. Here comes the opportunity for philosophy and, eventually, ethics. In its first part the thesis maps out the context of humanism and hedonism, studies their apparent as well as hidden nature, and lays the conceivable foundations of humanistic hedonism. The following section suggests a set of particular steps. Adhering to these instructions makes it possible to experience delight and to eliminate sorrow.
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Rousseau's Version of the Myth of the Noble Savage
Waldová, Klára ; Voldřichová - Beránková, Eva (advisor) ; Pohorský, Aleš (referee)
The aim of my thesis is to grasp the myth of the noble savage in the work of J.J. Rousseau. Specifically, I will occupy my mind with Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men, in which Rousseau presents human being from its origin to the civil society, and partly I will draw from Emile, or On Education, where Rousseau presents the noble savage and applies him to forming of future generations. In this work I will try to sketch out particular components of the studied myth (mythemes) and also to define Reousseau's specific contribution to French thought and literature. In conclusion, I will try to point out how the myth of the noble savage develops in French culture.
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Education in J. J. Rouseau's Work
Srncová, Kateřina ; Pelcová, Naděžda (advisor) ; Rybák, David (referee)
Bachelor thesys called "Education in J. J. Rousseau's Work" will consider with capturing innovative education principles in 18. century, mainly in work "Emil" and in autobiography "Vyznání". Basic principles of Rousseau's phylosophy and education attitude will be worked out in more detail within chapters of this thesys. After defining basic education principles by Jean-Jacques Rousseau I will in last chapter focus on comparison with education attitude of M. Montessori. Keywords: education, nature, naturalness, freedom, child, educator, society, social agreement, state, ideal
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The question of naturalness in the context of Czech massmedia discussion/discourse about childbirth
Veverková, Martina ; Sládek, Jan (advisor) ; Hamplová, Dana (referee)
This paper analyses the Czech mass media discourse about models of childbirth care and focuses on using the term of naturalness. Czech obstetrics care is highly influenced by habitudes and practices that were typical for socialist era, but transforms to the western model. Dissatisfaction with the care was the main reason for rediscovery of homebirth that became a very controversial point in Czech society accompanied by mass media discussion which is the subject of this analysis. The most important findings are that doctors tend to advocate their practices no matter whether they discuss homebirth or caesarean delivery on maternal request (which can be seen as two poles of the scale of naturalness and total medicalization) and in this second case they show themselves as advocates of the naturalness. Czech midwives, opposing the dominant practices, are not able to communicate well enough the positives of natural childbirth and midwifery care, which can be one of reasons why they fail to push through the legalization of homebirth. Keywords Sociology of body, sociology of childbirth, medicalization, homebirth, naturalness
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Logos in Aristotle's ethics
Adamec, Jaromír ; Špinka, Štěpán (advisor) ; Thein, Karel (referee)
The aim of the diploma theses "Logos in Aristotle Ethics" is to interpret meaning of the term "logos" in Aristotle's work "Nicomachean Ethics". The basic methodical guideline is the structuralist assumption, that a meaning of a term is determined by its relations to other terms contained within the text, and the related assumption of unity of the meaning of the term "logos". The interpretation itself first analyzes structure of several crucial terms, most importantly the relation of a human individual to the society, the concepts of the good, the reality and the possibility, the true and the illusory, and the concept of the natural. The structure of use of the term "logos" is then analyzed in relation to these concepts. These investigations are completed by analysis of the terms of virtue and action. By the means of the structural analysis of these terms, the existence of a distinctive level of reality is established, which is captured by the term "humanity". The existence of humanity is the central point of interest in Aristotle's ethics. In the horizontal regard, there are two poles of humanity - the individual human and the society. In the vertical regard, the humanity is situated between divinity, to which it is related, and bestiality, to which it threatens to fall. Logos is then a kind of...
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