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Current state of development of the longitudinal arch of the foot in Czech preschool children
Novák, Jakub ; Sedlak, Petr (advisor) ; Zemková, Daniela (referee)
The aim of the thesis is to evaluate the current state of development of the longitudinal arch of the foot in Czech preschool children. The preschool age is characterized by the most intensive development of the longitudinal arch, and at the end of this period, its condition becomes fixed. The natural development of the longitudinal foot arch is influenced by a number of internal and external factors, including genetic predispositions such as age, gender, or body weight, as well as environmental and lifestyle factors such as footwear habits or level of physical activity. The trend of insufficient physical activity observed in the current population could negatively affect the development of the arch due to insufficient stimulation of its structures, thus having a lasting impact on the individual's quality of life. The results showed that children in our sample exhibited a higher prevalence of unformed foot arch compared to data from previous studies. Significant intersexual differences were observed in the dynamics of arch development. While there is a sharp increase in the proportion of formed arch among girls between 4 and 5 years old, this increase is gradual among boys. Furthermore, a significant relationship was demonstrated between the degree of arch formation and the first body...
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Biogeography of the herpetofauna of the Aegean Islands
Sýkorová, Marta ; Šmíd, Jiří (advisor) ; Papežík, Petr (referee)
In the last thirty years, the biogeography of the herpetofauna of the Aegean Sea has been the subject of thorough research. In evolutionary biology, islands are considered to be model ecosystems. Morphological, physiological and behavioral changes in some species can be observed on them. These changes are described as so-called "island syndromes". The occurrence of these syndromes depends on the size of the island, its distance from the mainland and the age of the island as well as on population density, availability of resources and presence of predators. The specific manifestations of these syndromes in reptiles of the Aegean islands are: the occurrence of endemism, gigantism and dwarfism, color changes, more frequent tail autotomy, cannibalism and food specialization. Most of these changes are described in lizards of the Podarcis genus, especially on Podarcis erhardii, as it is the most widespread reptile in this area. The second very widespread and therefore often researched reptile is Mediodactylus kotschyi. Changes often take place on small islands, so individuals tend to be compared with members of the same species from a larger island or mainland. The number of endemic species is significantly higher on islands that are longer separated from the mainland. The existence of gigantism and...
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Effect of cold on humans from the perspective of physiology and ecology
Chvojková, Anna ; Hora, Martin (advisor) ; Oplt, Pavla Alexia (referee)
This bachelor thesis deals with the issue of cold and its effect on humans. The aim of the thesis is to compare how much different factors such as body proportions, amount of brown adipose tissue (BAT), age or sex influence the physiological response to cold. According to the available literature, the physiological response to cold is mainly dependent on body proportions and the amount of BAT, while factors such as age and sex are not as significantly reflected in the response. The second aim is to inspect whether ecogeographic rules also apply to human populations with a special focus on one Arctic population - the European Sami. Sami have, as predicted by ecogeographic rules, a broad trunk and short limbs, which limits heat loss. The last goal of the thesis is to clarify the possible use of cold exposure in healthcare and sports physiotherapy. Cold therapy could help with the treatment of inflammatory diseases, obesity, depression, or muscle recovery. However, further application of cold therapy in medical practice requires a thorough study of the mechanisms by which cold affects specific diseases and the definition of optimal conditions under which cold therapy is effective.
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Labour market participation of seniors in South Korea in relation to the demographic aging
Pavlátová, Jolana ; Hulíková Tesárková, Klára (advisor) ; Kurtinová, Olga (referee)
Labour market participation of seniors in South Korea in relation to the demographic aging Abstract This paper focuses on demographic aging and economic activity of the elderly in South Korea. The aim is to analyze population aging and the development of economic activity of the elderly, including potentially related factors. Based on a literature review, demographic concepts related to the changing age structure, the historical, economic, and demographic development of South Korea in the 20th century, and the current socioeconomic status of South Korean seniors are briefly introduced. In the analytical section, using data from Statistics Korea, the World Population Prospects 2022 publication, and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation's database, trends of demographic aging to date since 1950 and the evolution of senior labor force participation since 1990 are analyzed using the standard demographic tools. Using data from the KLoSA sample survey, factors potentially related to the economic activity of seniors are examined. Binary logistic regression is used for this purpose. The results show a rapid increase in the share of the elderly in the total population and at the same time an increasing share of the economically active among the elderly, although this share has been very high in...
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Factors affecting reproductive success of deceptive orchids
Steffelová, Michaela ; Kindlmann, Pavel (advisor) ; Štípková, Zuzana (referee)
This thesis focuses on the study of the reproductive biology of nectarless orchids, which are characterized by the absence of nectar, resulting in pollinators not receiving a reward for pollen transfer. This factor can have a significant impact on the reproductive success of these plants. Furthermore, the reproductive success of nectarless orchids is influenced by other factors, such as inflorescence size, plant height, species, flowering time, population characteristics, or climatic and spatial conditions. This study examines nectarless orchids Anacamptis morio, Dactylorhiza majalis and Anacamptis pyramidalis as model species and measure the above-mentioned factors on the plants. The main findings of this study are: (i) The number of conspecific neighbors has almost no influence on reproductive success. (ii) There is a parabolic dependence between reproductive success and the number of flowers in the species A. morio and D. majalis, while in the species A. pyramidalis, this dependence is linear. The parabolic dependence of reproductive success on the number of flowers, predicted by the theoretical model presented here, was found in only one other study. The more frequently found linear dependence between these variables, found in this study only in the species A. pyramidalis, may be due to the...
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Environmental factors determining distribution of genders in dioecious plant species
Hatajová, Klára ; Münzbergová, Zuzana (advisor) ; Čertner, Martin (referee)
This bachelor thesis investigates the effect of environmental factors on the ratio of males to females in populations of dioecious plants, and their different physiological and morphological changes caused by environmental stress. Although the sex of plants is determined genetically, environmental factors can influence mortality in one sex more or even cause the sex change of individuals. This thesis summarizes studies showing that females in dioecious plants are much less able to withstand environmental stress, mainly due to their increased demand for reproduction. Thus, females may have higher mortality than males, limiting the reproductive potential of the entire population. Key words Dioecious plants, environmental factors, physiology, morphology, sex ratio, stress
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The use of phytotherapy in the self-treatment of the adult population in the Czech Republic
Čech, Jindřich ; Šafratová, Marcela (advisor) ; Doseděl, Martin (referee)
The use of phytotherapy in the self-treatment of the adult population in the Czech Republic Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany Student: Jindřich Čech Supervisor: PharmDr. Marcela Šafratová, Ph.D. Consultant: doc. PharmDr. Josef Malý, Ph.D. Introduction: The theoretical part of the thesis focuses on the issues of immunity support and respiratory infections and their symptoms, along with possible solutions through medicinal plants and their preparations. The practical part of the thesis includes the results of a survey that monitors the experiences, opinions, and perspectives on phytotherapy from both the general public and professionals. The thesis first introduces various respiratory infections along with their symptoms and causes, and subsequently discusses medicinal plants and the evidence supporting their use. The work includes plants with immunostimulatory effects, followed by plants with antiviral effects, and then plants that help treat the symptoms of respiratory infections. Another section addresses the issue of defining and classifying medicinal plants and their preparations, including legal aspects. The first part of the practical work presents the results of the survey focused on the general and professional...
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Role of the noncanonical Wnt pathway in craniofacial development
Burianová, Andrea ; Machoň, Ondřej (advisor) ; Soukup, Vladimír (referee)
The craniofacial region, a complex structure defining the vertebrate head, results from intricate cellular and molecular processes governed by various genetic regulations and signaling cascades, including the noncanonical Wnt pathway. Dysregulations in this pathway, particularly involving Wnt5a, have been linked to craniofacial malformations, as seen in conditions like Robinow syndrome. This study aimed to elucidate the role of Wnt5a signaling in craniofacial development using mice with targeted deletion of Wnt5a specifically in the neural crest cells, which give rise to craniofacial structures. Our findings highlight the critical involvement of Wnt5a in shaping craniofacial precartilage condensations and regulating cellular behaviors such as proliferation, oriented cell division, and primary cilia polarity during early craniofacial morphogenesis. Wnt5a signaling is also important for key developmental populations, such as Msx1+ and Pax3+ populations. These findings not only contribute to the current understanding of noncanonical Wnt signaling in craniofacial development but also offer valuable insights into the intricate regulatory networks governing this process. Keywords: Wnt5a signaling, neural crest cells, morphogenesis
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Development of neural crest cells in zebrafish Danio rerio
Psutková, Viktorie ; Machoň, Ondřej (advisor) ; Fabian, Peter (referee) ; Svoboda, Ondřej (referee)
The neural crest is a population of migrating cells found only in vertebrates. Neural crest cells migrate to the head, heart and trunk regions of the body where they transform into different cell types. The cranial neural crest cells differentiate into chondrocytes and tenocytes, among others. The chondrogenic property of the cranial neural crest has given the vertebrates an advantage during evolution. In this paper, we focus on specific functions of the cranial neural crest and its derivatives in zebrafish (Danio rerio). The migration streams of the cranial neural crest follow the antero-posterior axis which is set up by hox genes. The development of the neural crest is controlled by a vast gene regulatory network. Here, we focus on the meis genes within the craniofacial development of zebrafish. For analysis, we used knock out (KO) mutant lines for each paralog of the meis gene (meis1a, meis1b, meis2a, meis2b). Only the meis1b KO and double meis1a1b KO mutants exhibit malformatins of the cranial cartilages, derivatives of the neural crest. We identified changes during cartilage formation. However, the migration of the neural crest into the pharyngeal arches and subsequent chondrocyte condensation remained unchanged. The formation of the facial part of the skull, so-called viscerocranium, is the...
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Effect of walking and exercise with elastic resistance on selected functional parameters in the elderly
Palčinská, Renáta ; Pavlů, Dagmar (advisor) ; Malá, Jitka (referee)
Title: Effect of walking and elastic resistence exercise on selected functional parameters in the elderly Objectives: The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the effect of walking and elastic resistance exercise on selected parameters in the elderly population. Methods: The target group was healthy adults aged 60-80 years capable of independent walking. Subjects were randomly divided into three groups. The intervention of the first group consisted of elastic resistance exercise and controlled walking twice a week/ 1 hour for one month. The intervention of the second group consisted of walking twice a week/ 40 minutes, and the control group performed only the normal activities of the day. The respiratory parameters - vital capacity and FEV1, functional parameters - six-minute walking test and Sit to Stand test, and the distance of the acromion from the bed were evaluated. The measured values were statistically and graphically processed. Results: By comparing the individual tests of the intervention groups of walking with resistance exercise and walking alone, a higher benefit of the combination of exercises was found in almost all parameters. Keywords: FEV1, FVC, 6MWT, Sit to Stand test, elderly, measurement acromion-bed, resistance exercise, walking
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