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The role of alternative splicing in plants
Földi, Marek ; Klodová, Božena (advisor) ; Fischer, Lukáš (referee)
Alternative splicing is a mechanism of gene expression regulation that maintains, regulates, and creates genomic diversity and tissue specificity in plants. It involves the differential joining of exons in precursor mRNAs, leading to multiple mRNA isoforms from a single gene. The formation of these isoform variants and their subsequent translation leads to subfunctionalization of proteins, generating diversity in structure and function. Therefore, alternative splicing is often important in various biological processes in plants, such as development, stress response, immunity, and reproduction. Key types of alternative splicing events include intron retention, exon skipping, alternative 5'/3' splice sites, and mutually exclusive exons. Regulation of alternative splicing involves cis-regulatory elements and trans- acting protein factors such as serine/arginine-rich (SR) proteins and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs). This thesis aims to summarise the mechanisms and consequences of alternative splicing in plant development, including maturation of male and female gametophytes, meiosis, stress, and cell differentiation. It also describes methodological approaches that allow for a genome-wide study of alternative splicing, including microarrays, RNA-seq, and PCR. A better understanding of...
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Physiological responses of plants to arficial light
Holečková, Barbora ; Münzbergová, Zuzana (advisor) ; Konrádová, Hana (referee)
The topic of this bachelor`s thesis is the physiological response od plants to artificial lighting, meaning artificial lighting from street lamps, which is one of the important anthropogenic influences. Artificial lighting at night is referred to by the acronym ALAN (from the english phrase Artificial light at night) and can have a significant effect on plant behaviour. In this thesis, the current knowledge on the influence of streetlights on not only plant behaviour but also on entire ecosystems is summarised in the theoretical part. In the practical part, the chlorophyll content of plants is measured, which is an important parameter informing about their physiological state, i.e. whether nighttime artificial lighting has an influence on it. Subsequently, the detected chlorophyll content of plants under street lighting is compared with that of paired control plants in their surroundings that are not under any artificial lighting. The measurements are carried out using a specially designed instrument for the detection of chlorophyll content in plant leaves called CCM300. The result of the work is the understanding of the possible effect of street lighting Key words Physiological reaction, artificial light at night, plants, chlorophyll
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PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NATURAL EXTRACTS WITH ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECT
Vysoká, Marie ; Obruča, Stanislav (referee) ; Kráčmar, Stanislav (referee) ; Márová, Ivana (advisor)
Celosvětová spotřeba antibiotik v posledních několika desetiletích významně vzrostla, což vedlo ke zvýšenému výskytu genů antibiotické rezistence (ARG), které představují rostoucí vážnou hrozbu pro lidské zdraví na celém světě. Používání přírodních nebo alternativních léčivých přípravků tudíž v posledních několika letech výrazně vzrostlo. Velká pozornost je nyní věnována přírodním extraktům, které by mohly být v jisté formě použity jako jedna z možností léčby bakteriálního onemocnění, a to s vysokou účinností proti patogenům a se zanedbatelnými vedlejšími účinky. Biomasa kvasinek, která obsahuje cenné mastné kyseliny, sacharidy, nukleové kyseliny, vitamíny a minerály, byla testována jako možná alternativa, a to samotná i v kombinaci s rostlinnými extrakty ve formě doplňku stravy. Tato disertační práce je zaměřena na studium antimikrobiální aktivity a nutriční přínosy vybraných rostlinných extraktů, jako je acai, hřebíček, kurkuma, zázvor, ženšen a oregano. Následně byly testovány biologické účinky kvasinkové biomasy rodu Metschnikowia pulcherrima CCY 029-002-145, Cystofilobasidium infirmominiatum CCY 17-18-4, Phaffia rhodozyma CCY 77-1, Rhodotorula kratochvilovae CCY 20-2-26. Tyto kvasinky byly vybrány zejména pro vysoký obsah aktivních látek v produkované biomase. Na závěr byl posouzen potenciální synergický efekt rostlinných extraktů ve spojení s kvasinkovou biomasou ke zvýšení celkového antimikrobiálního účinku, antioxidační aktivity a vlivu na růst buněčných linií Caco-2, B16F1 a HaCaT. Vzhledem k dosaženým výsledkům lze konstatovat, že zařazení imortalizované kvasinkové biomasy v kombinaci s přírodními extrakty do doplňků stravy ve vhodné formě může být prospěšné lidskému zdraví. Existuje přímý vztah mezi životaschopností buněk a apoptózou. Všechny mikrobiální extrakty vykazovaly určité pozitivní výsledky na apoptózu u rakovinných buněčných linií a současně nevykazovaly žádné cytotoxické účinky na nezhoubné buněčné linie při stejných koncentracích.
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Educational Application for Learning about Plants
Nedělová, Markéta ; Tesařová, Alena (referee) ; Hynek, Jiří (advisor)
This work focuses on the design and implementation of an interactive educational application that could help students master the learning of plant species through elements of gamification. To address this problem, a progressive web application was designed and implemented. This application was created in response to the requirements and needs identified during cooperation with the Primary School in Olešnice. It allows students to practice and expand their knowledge of plants through quizzes.
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Adaptogens and their effect on the human body
Hruša, Adam ; Kinkorová, Ivana (advisor) ; Šteffl, Michal (referee)
The thesis focuses on the significance of natural adaptogens. The aim of this thesis is to provide a comprehensive overview of the topic and to further examine specific adaptogens chosen by me, with a focus on their potential effects in supporting athletic performance, using available studies. It is a theoretical work that was developed through a literature review. Keywords: adaptogens, adaptogenic herbs, tonics, tonic herbs, athletic performance, recovery. ashwagandha, giseng, rhodiola rosea
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The role of small RNAs in transgenerational plant stress memory
Jaklová, Veronika ; Marková, Hana (advisor) ; Lipavská, Helena (referee)
Plants are constantly affected by various abiotic and biotic stresses, which cause a whole range of reactions.The resultcanbe increasedplantresistance tovariousstressfactorssuchasherbivoryattack or lack of water. Additionally, this resistance can also be passed on to subsequent generations through epigeneticmechanisms.Small RNAsservingas signaling moleculesof the plant's rapid response tostress can play a large part in the formationof intergenerationalandmultigenerationalstressmemory.MiRNAs are mainly regulators of gene expression,throughtheirinhibitory and degradative activitiesthey control the transcription of genes and the translation of a large number of proteins. SiRNAs could participate in the transfer of transcriptional memory through the mechanism of RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM). DNA methylation and histone modifications together act as chromatin marks that can be epigeneticallytransferredtosubsequentgenerations.Basedonthis,plants derivedfromstressedparent plants show large changes in gene expression compared to plants with non-stressed parents. These changesthenpersistfor varyinglengthsof time,dependingon whethergene expressionisagain induced bythe stressfactoror not.Interestinunderstandingthe mechanismsof transgenerationalstressmemory has recently grown considerably, and this...
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Effect of chromatin on the repair of double-strand DNA breaks after cleavage by CRISPR/Cas and other programmable nucleases in plants
Trojan, Jakub ; Přibylová, Adéla (advisor) ; Procházková, Klára (referee)
Plants are highly resistant to ionizing radiation, also thanks to a high-quality repair system for repairing double-stranded breaks. Double-strand breaks in plants are repaired by four repair pathways. Most often, double-strand breaks are repaired by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), which joins the broken ends without further processing. More accurate but slower and more complex is repair through homologous recombination (HR), which repairs the break using a homologous sequence. HR repair takes place preferentially in a region with active transcription and during the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. Alternatively, repair further proceeds through single-strand annealing (SSA) or Theta mediated end joining (TMEJ). Both pathways are based on short homology between the overlapping ends of the double-strand break. An often neglected part of repairs is the overcoming of repressive chromatin, which protects the genome from DNA damage and prevents access of nucleases but also acts as a barrier for repair proteins. This work summarizes the current knowledge about DNA repair in plants. Furthermore, describe the influence of chromatin not only on the repair but also on the activity of programmable nucleases used in genetic engineering, such as zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like...
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CITES plants in cosmetic products
JAKUBCOVÁ, Claudia
This thesis deals with the properties of endangered plant species listed in CITES Appendices that are contained in cosmetic products on the Czech market and the characteristics of these products. The attitude and responsibility of companies towards environmental protection issues and the evaluation of these cosmetic products by users were investigated by questionnaires. A total of 20 species were found in 90 cosmetic products, of which 12 representatives were from the family of Orchideaceae, two species of cacti (Selenicereus grandiflorus, Opuntia ficus-indica), ginseng (Panax ginseng, Araliacae), Aloe ferox (Asphodelaceae), Euphorbia antisyphilitica (Euphorbiaceae), Aniba rosodora (Lauraceae), Aquilaria malaccensis (Thymelleaceae), Cyathea medullaris (Cyatheaceae). No cases of collection in the wild were found. All the evidence shows that the plants used in cosmetics are cultivated and therefore the CITES Convention is not violated. Users were satisfied with the cosmetic products.
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Proposal of project based education on the topic of air-conditioning function of vegetation in the landscape
ŽEJDL, Matěj
As part of this work, the role of the regional vegetation in the water cycle was designed in the project of education. The project was made in a try of the praxis. A part of the education is measuring air temperature and the relative air humidity in the different habitats. Due to this measuring primary school students can see differences between habitats and they can think about the meaning of the project education in the role of the differences in the vegetation and in which way flora is influencing the water. The work is focused on the research of the meteorological and biological conditions suitable for education project management. Work also briefly sums the role of respondents in the Biology lessons and their knowledge of the examined topics made during the lectures. The finding of the primary school student's knowledge was done with the use of questionnaire.
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Plants as model organisms in inquiry science education in primary education
JINDROVÁ, Aneta
Research-oriented teaching is an attractive way of teching (not only) science subjects. At the first stage of primary school, it is an opportunity for developing students' research abilities. Plants are a suitable subject with which simple experiments, observations and research activities can be performed. The aim of the work is not only to find the possibility of using plant material in students' science research during teaching, but also to evaluate how research activities are accepted by students, how they are able to solve problems and how creative they are in solving research tasks. The work should show the possibilities of combining standard tasks based on plant observation with tasks based on different levels of research activity. The diploma thesis is divided into a theoretical and a practical part. I approached this thesis in four steps. In the first step the curriculum and content of selected textbooks are analyzed with a focus on the issue of learning about living nature, in the second step the educational offer is presented, in the next step the proposed educational offer is verified with simultaneous monitoring and analysis of students 'research tasks and pupils' creativity. In the last step, the results of the survey are evaluated and the obtained data are interpreted. The diploma was drawn up as part of a project GAJU 123/2019/S.
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