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Genomická selekce v chovu skotu
BARTŮŇKOVÁ, Lenka
This thesis analyses genomic selection with an emphasis on cattle breeding. Genomic selection is starting to become a common element of breeding programmes of livestock animals rearing and this is a new approach to marker-assisted selection (MAS), where instead of identifying individual interconnected loci all information for predictions is obtained from markers, thus making them more accurate. This thesis aims to approach genomic selection, individual methods of selection and their uses, as much as their implementation in cattle rearing. The work devotes a section to applications of genomic selection in Czech Republic. The possible future development of genomic selection is being hinted in the conclusion.
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The struggle for human dignity in the era of modern eugenics. Molecular genome editing tool CRISPR/CAS9 and its use in human genome therapy from the perspective of theological ethics
Auxt, Miroslav ; Štica, Petr (advisor) ; Fošum, Jan (referee)
The recent breakthrough discovery of the molecular genome editing tool CRISPR/CAS9 represents a complete revolution in the field of molecular biology, biomedicine and other related fields. It is a highly effective biomolecular tool, derived from the bacterial immune system, with which it is possible to introduce precise changes in the genomes of all organisms. The thesis is limited to the ethical evaluation of the use of CRISPR/CAS9 exclusively in human gene therapy. Thanks to its efficiency, simplicity, accuracy and low financial costs, the CRISPR/CAS9 editing tool, in compliance with ethical parameters, already has a broad spectrum of use in therapeutic procedures on somatic or body cells in the treatment of human genetically determined diseases without introducing a change into the future offspring of the given individual. In addition to great therapeutic potential, the application of CRISPR/CAS9 raises many ethical questions related to the possibilities of its further use, possibly misuse. Ethically problematic genetic procedures include: human hereditary genome editing, i.e. the targeted alteration of the genome of sex cells, progenitor cells and cells of early embryonic development stages with the therapeutic goal of eliminating a genetically determined disease associated with the...
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Evolution of PTC bitter taste receptors in West Africa
Holoubková, Tereza ; Černý, Viktor (advisor) ; Macholán, Miloš (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to determine whether the TASR38 gene is under selection pressure in West Africa and if its diversity varies within populations practicing different modes of subsistence. It further focuses on polymorphisms occurring in the gene and their association with sensitivity to the bitter tasting compound PTC. The thesis analyses 147 samples of saliva from three Mauritanian populations in order to sequence the DNA of the TAS2R38 gene exon. Ten polymorphic sites conditioning 16 haplotypes were observed in TAS2R38 gene. Mutations in amino acid positions 49, 262 and 296 occurred in all three populations; all eight possible haplotypes were observed. 94 % of them constitutes major PAV and AVI haplotypes and AAI haplotype, all of which were detected in each of the three populations. Additionally, 14 genotypes were identified in our sample; the most common being those created by a combination of the three haplotypes. Kruskal-Wallis test showed that TAS2R38 genotypes are strong predictors of PTC response in the examined African populations. PAV haplotype is associated with sensitivity to PTC (taster haplotype); conversely, AVI is a nontaster haplotype. At the same time, it was confirmed that PAV is an ancestral haplotype evolutionary closest to the chimpanzee TAS2R38 gene and it probably...
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History of the transports Dl and Dm from Teresienstadt to Auschwitz
Strmisková, Sabina ; Míšková, Alena (advisor) ; Václavů, Lubor (referee)
The theme of this thesis is the history of two transports, transports Dl and Dm dispatched september 6 1943 from ghetto Terezín to Auschwitz. It is possible to find a lot of information in many publications, but this thesis introduces this subject throught testimonies of eyewitnesses. Starting with the family background, continuing with deportation to Theresienstadt from where the transports were dispatched. Concerning the transport to Auschwitz, I elaborated its characteristics looking at the age and sex of the transported inmates. Due to the witness's testimonies, I tried to concentrate on the history of two day's journey to the biggest extermination camp during the second world war. And the eyewitness's testimonies are illustrating all the welcoming ceremony, the desinfection, tattoo and dormitory allocation. In my thesis, I would like to describe the Terezin inmates' biannual stay in family camp B IIb, tragical death of 3 792 of them at night of 8 to 9 March 1944, seeking to recreate the Dr. Mengele's list of medical personnel and twins. Finally, I would like to emphasise the fate of 41 survivors of those transports.
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Adaptive evolution of Toll-like receptors in birds
Velová, Hana ; Vinkler, Michal (advisor) ; Elleder, Daniel (referee) ; Novák, Karel (referee)
Adaptive evolution of Toll-like receptors in birds Hana Velová, PhD thesis 6 Abstract Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are one of the key and presumably also evolutionary most original components of animal immune system. As Pattern recognition receptors they form the first line of innate immune defence against various pathogens. The proper receptor binding of pathogenic ligands is crucial for their correct recognition and for subsequent triggering of an appropriate immune response. Because there exists a direct interaction between the receptor surface and the pathogenic ligand, host-pathogen coevolution on molecular level can be predicted. Thus, through variability of their ligands, TLRs are exposed to extensive selective pressures that may be detected on both genetic and protein levels. Surprisingly, the variability we revealed in birds is even higher than previously expected based on the reports from other vertebrates, mainly mammals. In my doctoral thesis I summarise the results of my contribution to the avian TLR research. We were the first who experimentally verify the absence of functional TLR5 in several avian species and duplication of TLR7 in others. We finally resolved the origin of duplication in TLR1 and in TLR2 family. An important part of my research project focused on the prediction of potentially...
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Whole-genome analysis of the house mouse hybrid zone
Janoušek, Václav ; Munclinger, Pavel (advisor) ; Choleva, Lukáš (referee) ; Chan, Yingguang Frank (referee)
Hybrid zones provide a valuable opportunity to study the process of speciation in real time. Untested combinations of genes from diverging populations come to the contact here causing a breakdown of genetic interactions and giving rise to reproductive isolation. Two house mouse subspecies (Mus musculus musculus/Mus musculus domesticus) form a narrow zone of secondary contact across Central Europe which is thought to be maintained by a balance between selection against unfit hybrids and dispersion of individuals. During my PhD study my collaborators and I used an array of ~ 1400 SNP markers to study patterns of introgression on a genome-wide scale across two/three house mouse hybrid zone transects. Our aim was to identify the genomic regions putatively harboring genes which are involved in the reproductive isolation between the two subspecies, characterize their distribution in mouse genome and assess genomic features associated with them. We were able to confirm on a genome-wide scale the importance of the X chromosome in the evolution of reproductive isolation. This chromosome exhibited introgression corresponding to strong negative epistasis and the patterns were consistent between transects pointing out to a common basis of reproductive isolation playing a role in two transects. Contrary to the...
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MHC class I allelic variability and pro-inflammatory responsiveness in domestic fowl breeds
Pojezdná, Anežka ; Vinkler, Michal (advisor) ; Hyršl, Pavel (referee)
Domestic fowl (Gallus gallus f. domestica) is an economically important model species in science. Knowledge of the immune system of this species is therefore crucial. In research the commercial stocks are usually used together with laboratory inbred lines. They have an unnatural variability, as a result of inbreeding, their genetic and phenotypic variability is reduced. This laboratory lines are therefore not the best model for research of variability. Presently, genetically diversified poultry populations can be found in rural stocks and fancy breeds. These breeds could be good model for research in variability of immunoresponse. In this thesis, I try to map the genetic variability of the binding site of MHC class I glycoproteins in fowl breeds. In chickens are these molecules encoded in duplicated gene called BF (BF1 and BF2). These genes are relatively well known and considerable variability has been described in domestic fowl. Our results suggest a high genetic variability of MHC I in domestic fowl breeds. We had identified 41 haplotypes in 25 individuals of 14 breeds, including 7 haplotypes already known from the literature. I also focused on proinflammatory activity in fowl breeds. I watched swelling of tissue and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-1 after subcutaneous...
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Bottleneck and selection effects on MHC genes variability in relic and newly formed Eurasian beaver populations
Náhlovský, Jan ; Munclinger, Pavel (advisor) ; Bryja, Josef (referee)
MHC glycoproteins are an essential part of adaptive immunity and may also play a role in mate choice. In addition, MHC genes are the most variable of all known genes. For these reasons, they have been intensively studied for several last decades. However, research is complicated due to extreme variability and frequent duplications. The Eurasian beaver seems to serve as an interesting model. It underwent a dramatic bottleneck culminating in the end of 19th century, when only about 1,200 individuals survived in several isolated relic populations. Thanks to numerous reintroductions, beavers of various origin meet in newly established populations. However, knowledge of beaver MHC was very limited. Only a single MHC gene has been investigated in a detail, and some relic populations were not sampled. Utilising additional relic populations and additional MHC locus, I verified a significant reduction of the variability of beaver MHC genes and also found signs of selection in the past. Then I sequenced MHC loci in two newly formed populations. I confirmed the ongoing selection by the disruption of cytonuclear equilibrium and the advantage of divergent alleles. We therefore can have a unique insight into the several periods of the history of beaver populations: In the past, MHC diversity was shaped by a...
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From Self-Selection to System Selection: Czech Vocational Education in Captivity of the Labor Market
Kotrbová, Monika ; Šanderová, Jadwiga (advisor) ; Tuček, Milan (referee)
The diploma thesis "From Self-Selection to System Selection: Czech Vocational Education in Captivity of the Labor Market" responds to current efforts to divert some students from graduation due to the unification of entrance and final examinations and stricter admission conditions, in a system that is characterized by a high relationship between social background and education, which also tends to strengthen. The thesis aims to identify and describe the main selective mechanisms and institutional barriers of the Czech education system through secondary data analysis, as a result of which students are systematically allocated to secondary vocational schools and subsequently to specific positions in the labour market, which are associated with economic and social instability. The main mechanisms identified by this paper are the distribution of educational opportunities through the differentiation of educational paths accompanied by young age selection of pupils, the associated emphasis on personal responsibility in choosing an educational path, which is highly determined due to conditionality by social origin, and the concept of entrance and final exams as high-stakes of standardized testing, which represents an insurmountable mental and factual barrier for pupils from disadvantaged backgrounds. The...
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Adaptive evolution of Toll-like receptors in birds
Velová, Hana ; Vinkler, Michal (advisor) ; Elleder, Daniel (referee) ; Novák, Karel (referee)
Adaptive evolution of Toll-like receptors in birds Hana Velová, PhD thesis 6 Abstract Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are one of the key and presumably also evolutionary most original components of animal immune system. As Pattern recognition receptors they form the first line of innate immune defence against various pathogens. The proper receptor binding of pathogenic ligands is crucial for their correct recognition and for subsequent triggering of an appropriate immune response. Because there exists a direct interaction between the receptor surface and the pathogenic ligand, host-pathogen coevolution on molecular level can be predicted. Thus, through variability of their ligands, TLRs are exposed to extensive selective pressures that may be detected on both genetic and protein levels. Surprisingly, the variability we revealed in birds is even higher than previously expected based on the reports from other vertebrates, mainly mammals. In my doctoral thesis I summarise the results of my contribution to the avian TLR research. We were the first who experimentally verify the absence of functional TLR5 in several avian species and duplication of TLR7 in others. We finally resolved the origin of duplication in TLR1 and in TLR2 family. An important part of my research project focused on the prediction of potentially...
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