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What do women need for a good birth?
Došková, Eliška ; Franke, Helena (advisor) ; Páchová, Anna (referee)
This thesis deals with the issue of biopsychosocial factors in childbirth. It aims to map factors and their possible relationships that contribute to a positive birth experience. The study used a mixed methods research design. A questionnaire was used for the quantitative part of the research. Respondents completed a set of online questionnaires about pregnancy and childbirth, followed by a questionnaire on childbirth experience, stress management strategies (SVF-78), and the Psychosocial Climate of the Maternity Hospital (KLI-P). For the qualitative part, semi-structured interviews were used. The research sample for the quantitative part consisted of 81 first-time mothers, from which five respondents who scored above average on the birth experience questionnaire were subsequently interviewed. The results showed that the absence of obstetric complications, perceived low pain intensity, delivering without pain relief medication, a pleasant psychosocial climate of the maternity hospital and stress avoidance coping strategies significantly contributed to a positive birth experience. The qualitative analysis results showed that a close person, especially a partner, who assists with their passive presence or practical help, also plays an important role. Women with positive birth experiences in the...
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Possibilities of working memory training and the influence on cognitive functions
Páchová, Anna
TITLE: The possibilities of working memory training and the influence on cognitive functions AUTHOR: Anna Páchová DEPARTMENT: Psychology SUPERVISOR: PhDr. Miroslav Rendl, CSc. ABSTRACT: The topic of the PhD thesis was to explore the possibilities of the cognitive development using the training of the basal functions. The analysis of literature showed that (1) working memory (WM) is considered to be the function, which is frequently associated with higher cognitive processes and (2) core training can improve the WM capacity and this improvement seems to be transferred to other types of memory. The transfer to higher cognitive functions (intelligence) was not confirmed unanimously. Training programs were evaluated usually in different groups of individuals but none of these studies considered the possibility of WM training in context of the socio-cultural handicap, even if low SES children achieve poorer performance in cognitive tests including tests of WM. Therefore the aim of this study was to verify the possibilities of WM training on cognitive development with special interest in low SES children. We designed a 400-minutes WM training PC program, which was applied on two groups of children with different SES (low SES - Roma children, middle/high SES - Czech children). The results showed that both groups...
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The Relationship between Theory of Mind and Language Skills in Preschool Children
Cajthamlová, Tereza ; Sotáková, Hana (advisor) ; Páchová, Anna (referee)
This thesis focuses on the relationship between theory of mind and language skills in Czech preschoolers. The theoretical part summarizes current knowledge about theory of mind, its relationship to language skills, and some areas of development of preschool children. The empirical part describes the research of the relationship between theory of mind and language skills of Czech preschoolers. Fifty-five children in total participated in this research, twenty children in a younger group (m=42 months), and thirty-five children in an older group (m=54 months). Theory of mind has been assessed by two false-belief tasks: Sally-Ann Task, and Smarties task. Language skills were tested by Grammar reasoning test, and Understanding of grammar test from test battery of Seidlová-Málková and Smolík (2014). The older group has significantly better results in false-belief tasks then the younger group. Despite anticipated results, there was not statistically significant difference between the younger and the older groups' language skills. A moderate positive correlation was found between language skills and false-belief understanding in both groups. KEYWORDS Theory of Mind, False Belief Understanding, Language Skills, Preschoolers, Sally-Ann Task, Smarties Task
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The Pupils' Strategies of Mathematical Word Solving Problems With Real-Life Context
Gruberová, Nicole ; Smetáčková, Irena (advisor) ; Páchová, Anna (referee)
In my thesis I concentrated on mathematical problem solving by pupils at elementary school. I lead interviews with six 3rd grade children, during which they were instructed to solve the problems as well as to share their stream of thoughts concerning their solving strategies with me. I tried to understand the ways how they solve the problems and where their mistakes stem from. My attention focused on the ways the problems were formulated and what specific words may have either helped or distracted the children while the problem solving. The special attention was paid to contextual information which children use during the solving of word problems - its attractivness as well as the way it is served to them. The information about the childrens' school results and the difference between word problems from my set and the regular ones I gained from an interview with the school teacher of the children from my research group. The research showed that the difference between intuitive and analytical way of thinking had the most crucial impact on the strategies the children chose during the word problem solving. The occurence of non-standard context as a motivator was proved, however it was not so in the case of it in a role of a cognitive help. This impact was not proved surely. Concerning the length of the...
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Strategies used to solve working memory tasks
Afanasyeva, Krystsina ; Páchová, Anna (advisor) ; Preiss, Marek (referee)
Working memory training is a very popular subject in nowadays literature, but processes that underlie the process of task solving have not been researched much. The aim of this work is to find strategies that are used when solving n-back tasks, and to find out the influence of modality and level of abstraction on the performance and choice of strategies. For these purposes the training program NBack Campaign was chosen. In this study participated 23 children from 12 to 14 years old, because children of this age have not been researched much. The participants were presented with visual and auditory tasks with different levels of abstraction. With some of the participants were conducted semistructured interviews. Statistical analysis showed the modality effect on performance. The effect of the level of abstraction on performance was shown only in visual tasks. Furthermore, the strategies that corresponded with modality and level of abstraction were identified. KEYWORDS N-back, strategies, modality, abstraction, working memory training
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Pupils in institutional care from the perspective of a school psychologist
Muchová, Aneta ; Lucká, Barbora (advisor) ; Páchová, Anna (referee)
This thesis deals with the topic of students living at a children's home from the perspective of the school psychologist. The thesis describes, how school psychologists are approaching pupils from children's home and what specific requirements are essential for the job of the school psychologist when working with this particular group of students. Theoretic part focuses on declaring elementary activities of the school psychologist at the school and explains the advantages and possible obstacles of the psychologist job. Next part focuses on pupils from children's home and the topic of institutional care. Empiric part points at performing research including results and discussion. The research was completed with the assistance of the school psychologists using the interviews. Gained data from the interviews were analyzed based on the opened encoding and then presented by using a technique unloading card. The research goal was to find out, how school psychologists are approaching pupils from children's home and what specific requirements are essential for the job of the school psychologist when working with this particular group of students. Thesis results reveal the views of the school psychologists focuses on problematics pupils from children's home. The results also point out the specifics of the...
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Options of Working Memory Training
de Gray, Klára ; Páchová, Anna (advisor) ; Viktorová, Ida (referee)
The theme of this diploma thesis is the possibilities of working memory training. From the analysis of nowadays literature we found out that the field of stimulus material (witch is contained in training programs) has not been researched much. The aim of this work is to find out whether there is a connection between the type of stimulus material (within the abstraction and modality level), performance and memory strategies. For this purpose we selected the N-Back Campaign training program. And provide it with visual and verbal tasks in a differen king of abstraction level. These tasks were conducted by fifty respondents. After that, several semi-structured interviews were conducted, which helped us to understand the processes associated with N-back tasks. For the purpose of rigorous work, further research was carried out, which extended the original stimulus material to combined material (parallel presentation of the stimulus in auditory and visual code). Using statistical analysis, we came to the conclusion that the type of stimulus material is significantly related to the performance in n-back tasks: with increasing rate of abstraction the performance decreases and that visual N-back task achives with higher scores. Furthermore, it has been found that there are specific strategies that correspond...
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Options of Working Memory Trainig
de Gray, Klára ; Páchová, Anna (advisor) ; Preiss, Marek (referee)
The Options of Working Memory Training Abstract: The theme of this diploma thesis is the possibilities of working memory training. From the analysis of nowadays literature we found out that the field of stimulus material (witch is contained in training programs) has not been researched much. The aim of this work is to find out whether there is a connection between the type of stimulus material (within the abstraction and modality level), performance and memory strategies. For this purpose we selected the N-Back Campaign training program. And provide it with visual and verbal tasks in a differen king of abstraction level. These tasks were conducted by fifty respondents. After that, several semi-structured interviews were conducted, which helped us to understand the processes associated with N-back tasks. Using statistical analysis, we came to the conclusion that the type of stimulus material is significantly related to the performance in n-back tasks: with increasing rate of abstraction the performance decreases and that visual N-back task achives with higher scores. Furthermore, it has been found that there are specific strategies that correspond to a certain degree of stimulus abstraction or modalities (vision, hearing). Therefore, we think that stimulus material in N-back tasks can have a significant...
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Influence of Relationships at a Workplace on Proffesional identity of a School Psychologist
Pechová, Markéta ; Pavlas Martanová, Veronika (advisor) ; Páchová, Anna (referee)
Rigorous work Influence of Relationships at a Workplace on Professional Identity of a School Psychologist show the profession through his relationships at a workplace. Relational network of the professional is wide (headmaster of school, teachers, students, their parents, pedagogical-psychological counsel, other experts, other school psychologists, etc.), which was discussed more in the previous thesis. Our rigorous work is aimed at relationship with school management and teaching staff. The area of relationships closely relates to roles in which the school psychologist acts. The text of the work is divided into chapters and is based on selected available Czech and foreign literature. Next, there is a metodological part, which informs the reader about the way of collecting the data. The final part is dedicated to the results of analyzed interviews with the school psychologists. Our rigorous work is based on a thesis where "relationships" were one of the researched category. For the professional identity of a school psychologist relationships are essential factor. On the next pages, we will try to show the influence of relationships in work. Relational network of the school psychologist gives us the picture of the profession. School management and teaching staff are 2 segments of the network,...
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