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Leaf physiological and optical properties in relation to the Phytophtora × alni infection of black alder (Alnus glutinosa)
Oramová, Viktorie ; Lhotáková, Zuzana (advisor) ; Tomášková, Ivana (referee)
A current problem is the infestation of the black alder (Alnus glutinosa) by the pathogen P. × alni, which causes the loss of alder stands and disrupts riparian ecosystems. The spread of the 'phytophthora disease' occurs through water, the host is infected through the root system and the pathogen attacks the conductive tissues. As a result of the disease, the tree gradually loses its root system, lesions appear on the trunk, defoliation occurs and the individual inevitably dies. The only solution to the situation is preventive measures to prevent further spread by careful removal of infected alder trees. The aim of this paper is to discuss the relationship between black alder and P. × alni in the context of the physiological changes that occur in the foliage of the infested individual. Leaf functional traits, chlorophyll fluorescence and optical properties of black alder exposed to P. × alni (inoculation into soil or confirmed occurrence of the pathogen in natural conditions) were measured using non-invasive methods. The results of the chamber experiments suggest that the mean values of the measured parameters do not change significantly in the initial stages of infection, but there is a widening of the variance of the values in infected individuals. We tested whether the genetic origin of the...
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Legal presumption of paternity determination vs. the material truth
Šimečková, Kateřina ; Salač, Josef (advisor) ; Zvára, Michael (referee)
Legal presumption of paternity determination vs. the material truth Abstract This work discusses the relationship between paternity determined by one of the legal presumptions of paternity determination, as defined by the Civil Code, and the material truth, or the possible contradiction between them, which the nature of the legal regulation allows. In the Czech Republic, the paternity determination is governed by a total of five legal presumptions, which are based on the probability of paternity determined by them - a first presumption testifying to the mother's husband ex lege, its conversion in favor of the second presumption in the case of divorcing marriage, a one-and-a-half presumption consisting of the father's consent to the mother's artificial insemination, a second presumption based on the parent's consent statement before the relevant public authority, and finally, a third presumption based on the fact of the intercourse between the father and the mother at a decisive time, when paternity is determined by a court decision based on the proposal of some of the concerned persons. However, it follows from the nature of the matter, that paternity determined in this way does not have to be in conformity with biological paternity. The legal presumptions can be a means of quick and effective resolving...
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A platform for creating and sharing interactive educational materials based on data from knowledge graphs
Matějík, Jakub ; Nečaský, Martin (advisor) ; Stenchlák, Štěpán (referee)
In this thesis, we will explore the possibilities of Solid technology and the use of Solid for application implementation. This application will be used to create mind maps and social networking for teachers and students. In order to do this, we will analyze the features of Solid for designing a social network application and its features and suitable use cases. Based on this analysis and user requirements, we will design the architecture along with the operations to make them convenient for the user. Next, we will learn about the concepts in Linked Data and analyze knowledge bases for use in our application. The result is implementing a proof-of-concept application that allows the intuitive creation of mind maps and their sharing within classes. 1
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Effect of dysbiosis on proportion of particular neutrophil subsets and their functional capacities
Sklenářová, Lydie ; Hrdý, Jiří (advisor) ; Dobeš, Jan (referee)
The gut microbiota is crucial for maintaining physiological balance and influences metabolic processes, immune responses, and intestinal barrier function. Dysbiosis, or the imbalance of microbial composition, is associated with a range of health complications, including chronic inflammatory conditions such as non-specific intestinal inflammations. Inflammatory processes associated with dysbiosis and changes in microbial metabolites can directly affect the activation of neutrophils, impacting the pathogenesis of various diseases. Probiotics, defined as live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host, offer the potential for positive modulation of these inflammatory conditions The aim of this thesis was to explore how experimentally induced intestinal dysbiosis affects the heterogeneity of neutrophils in the bone marrow. Dysbiosis was induced by administering antibiotics to mice, which were subsequently treated with the probiotic strain Escherichia coli O83:K24:H31 (EcO83). Neutrophil phenotypes were assessed using flow cytometry based on the expression of surface markers CD11b, Ly6G, CD62L, and CXCR2. Meanwhile, gene expression related to their antimicrobial functions and the inflammatory environment was analyzed by quantitative PCR. The results...
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Legal context and implications: analysis of blockchain regulation in selected jurisdictions
Bőhm, Erik ; Kučera, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Lederer, Vít (referee)
1 Legal context and implications: analysis of blockchain regulation in selected jurisdictions Abstract Blockchain technology has become a transformative force, offering transparency, security and efficiency across industries. However, its rapid growth brings regulatory challenges. This paper examines blockchain regulation, focusing on the European Union (EU) framework and comparative analysis with selected jurisdictions around the world. At the outset, the thesis seeks to clarify the basic concepts of blockchain and its regulatory implications. It tries to introduce the issues and frame the most important terms in a non- technical way. The thesis then examines EU legislation, including contemporary and forthcoming secondary regulations such as the Markets in Cryptoassets Regulation (MiCAR), and explores their objectives, challenges and implications for innovation and market participants. In addition, the paper conducts a comparative analysis of blockchain regulation in various jurisdictions, including the United States, the Cayman Islands and Singapore. By comparing regulatory regimes, it identifies trends, best practices, and ultimately a plethora of differences. It offers insight into regulatory preferences and implications for stakeholders, with an emphasis on business corporations and entrepreneurs in...
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Molecular mechanisms of drug-induced liver injury (DILI)
Vašků, Markéta ; Smutný, Tomáš (advisor) ; Pávek, Petr (referee)
Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology Student: Markéta Vašků Supervisor: PharmDr. Tomáš Smutný, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: Molecular mechanisms of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) Drug-induced liver injury is a common reason for halting the development of new drugs and has led to the withdrawal of several drugs from the market in the past. This diploma thesis aims to describe the molecular mechanisms responsible for drug hepatotoxicity and present both methods of preclinical and clinical testing of drugs to detect potential hepatotoxicity and examples of hepatotoxicity. Five mechanisms are currently known to cause DILI, namely mitochondrial damage, formation of reactive oxygen species, endoplasmic reticulum stress, lysosomal damage, inhibition of bile acid transport, and activation of the immune response. However, these mechanisms have not fully been explored yet and require further research. Unfortunately, even testing still falls short of perfection. Neither preclinical in vitro models nor animal models are completely satisfactory and cannot reliably detect DILI. The same applies to clinical testing. DILI is very complex and usually requires the interplay of multiple factors, which may not be reflected in clinical testing. Particulary,...
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Racism in Bernardine Evaristo's Girl, Woman, Other
Drobiszová, Jolanta ; Chalupský, Petr (advisor) ; Topolovská, Tereza (referee)
Bernardine Evaristo's book Girl, Woman, Other follows stories of twelve mainly British women throughout the 20th and the 21st centuries. This diploma thesis explores Evaristo's portrayal of British racism in this novel, its various forms and influence on identity and life experience. The first part provides a theoretical background, which presents on the notion of race, racism and its different types, postcolonial concepts of otherness, liminality and hybridity, novel's historical context, and Bernardine Evaristo and her approach to Girl, Woman, Other. The second part analyses the particular instances of race oppression. It explores the identity struggles of Black British citizens caused by feeling of non-belonging, pressure of society, clash of cultures, internalization of racism, and African heritage. Next it deals with interpersonal racism reflected in racially biased stereotyping and prejudiced comments. The analysis further addresses the complexity of oppression and privilege and discusses how racism intersects with sexism and classism. Last it looks into institutional racism, such as lack of anti-discriminatory laws in post-World War II Britain, inequality in education, abuse of power by police, and typecasting of Black actors in theatre. KEY WORDS racism, Girl, Woman, Other, postcolonialism,...
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Variability of Lepidium campestre seed mass concerning nutrition
Tučková, Kristýna ; Mašková, Tereza (advisor) ; Dostál, Petr (referee)
Seed production allows plants to maintain their genetic diversity, survive in dormancy through unfavourable conditions and disperse to new distant sites. Seed's own size reflects the amount of provisions designated for its germination, thus the rate and success of its germination. Seed size can also suggest dispersion distance, a chance to avoid seed predators, and how likely the seedling will withstand unfavourable conditions right after germination and before the formation of necessary structures for growth independent of maternal supplies. In general, the more nutrients a plant acquires during seed production, the bigger the number or size of seeds it can produce. In some cases, more nutrient uptake can lead to the production of more numerous and bigger seeds simultaneously, however, the direction of increased investment in reproduction highly depends on plant species. This work studies the effect of nutrient gradient in the environment on the variability of seed size in Lepidium campestre. It explores how seed traits change along the maternal environmental nutrient gradient, specifically how their number, size and seed coat thickness responds to the gradient. Subsequently, this work discusses the persistence of the maternal nutrient effect in the second generation, phenomenon called the...
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Development of LC-MS method for compounds used for determination of cytochrome activity
Smolík, Martin ; Lochman, Lukáš (advisor) ; Horáček, Ondřej (referee)
Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis Candidate: Bc. Martin Smolík Supervisor: PharmDr. Lukáš Lochman, Ph.D. Consultant: prof. PharmDr. Petr Pávek, Ph.D. Title of thesis: Development of LC-MS method for compounds used for determination of cytochrome activity. Cytochromes P450 (CYP450) are enzymes that play a key role in the metabolism of xenobiotics and some endobiotics (cholesterol, steroid hormones, and eicosanoids). They are present in the liver, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, and kidneys. Determination of CYP450 activity is a valuable tool to detect drug interactions resulting from inhibition or induction of various isoforms of this enzyme. This thesis is devoted to the development and validation of a new analytical method using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of activity CYP450 isoforms 3A4, 2C9, and 2B6, which are crucial for the metabolism of many drugs and biologically active substances. In the framework of this thesis, a new method was developed providing a fast, accurate, and reliable measurement of the activity of these enzymes based on the quantification of specific CYP450 substrates, namely midazolam (3A4), diclofenac (2C9), bupropion (2B6) and their...
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Nuns as caretakers? A look into nuns's activities in selected hospitals of the Czechoslovak Republic between 1948 and 1960
Štrofová, Kateřina ; Stehlík, Michal (advisor) ; Michela, Miroslav (referee)
(in english) The subject of this thesis are three female monastic communities and their activities in selected hospitals of socialist Czechoslovakia between the years 1948-1960. The aim is to examine the overall policy of the communist authorities towards sisters in the specific environment of hospitals and the stance of local authorities, i.e. the everyday practise in healthcare. Emphasis is placed on the nuns themselves, their professional relationships with doctors and civil nurses and their actions on the local level. The thesis also analyses church practise in hospitals, interventions of the state-appointed church secretaries and partly even their oversight of activity of the Catholic church in individual districts. Last but not least, large effort was expanded to reconstruct the sisters' own perception of post-1948 persecutions and interventions in medical care, not just in relation to the strategies, which they have chosen to cope with the adverse conditions within their communities, but also their mostly disapproving attitudes towards the interventions of the communist regime against their presence in hospitals.
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