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Comparison of the position of the Romanian and Lithuanian Prime Ministers during the reigns of Presidents Klaus Iohannis and Dalia Grybauskaite
Karásková, Kristýna ; Mlejnek, Josef (advisor) ; Perottino, Michel (referee)
The diploma thesis deals with the comparison of the positions of the Prime Ministers of Romania and Lithuania during the reign of Presidents Klaus Iohannis and Dalia Grybauskaité. The work deals with the constitutional and practical position of the prime ministers of both countries. Both countries are part of the post-Soviet space and have gone through a democratic transition. At the same time, Romania and Lithuania are countries with a directly elected president and potentially fall into the category of semi-presidential regimes. The position of prime minister in these countries is specific due to the presence of a directly elected president. The work applied a comparative method, specifically a type of so-called contrast of contexts. This theory helps to understand a certain phenomenon through its context. The aim of the work is therefore to point out and understand the similarities and differences in the position of the prime minister, in practice and in the constitution, of these potentially semi-presidential countries. The work also points out to other institutional elements that prime ministers use to balance the presidential role. Attention is also paid to the phenomenon of cohabitation and the position of the prime minister in cohabitation with a non-party president.
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Marriage law and today's society
Král, Daniel ; Agha, Petr (advisor) ; Chmel, Jan (referee)
53 Marriage law and today's society Abstract The thesis focuses on the comparison of social advance in the context of family, pointing out the relatively rapid development towards equality and the reduction of stigmas associated with unmarried cohabitation. This societal development is then confronted with the existing legal framework, especially in the Czech Republic. This thesis attempts to point out the rigidity of the legal system and to identify certain injustices resulting from it for the addressees of legal norms. This thesis is divided into 4 parts. The first part deals with the concept of family and how this phenomenon is perceived in terms of sociology. In part two, the thesis focuses on marriage, with particular emphasis on delineating the problems associated with marriage. Part Three then describes marriage in terms of different schools of thought, where marriage is analytically confronted with questions of the meaning and function of its existence in legal orders. Finally, in the fourth part, different directions of legal regulation are presented that could ensure a more just and comprehensive regulation of matrimonial, and therefore family law, so that this regulation meets the requirements of today's society. Overall, the work focuses mainly on property rights, inheritance rights and some...
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President of the French Republic its status evolution within theconstitutions and constitutional practice
Císař, Jaromír ; Gerloch, Aleš (advisor) ; Reschová, Jana (referee) ; Giba, Marián (referee)
President of the French Republic its status evolution within the constitutions and constitutional practice Abstract This dissertation examines the character of French presidency in the republican system from the 19th to the 21st century, with emphasis on analysis of the position of power held by the presidents of the Fifth Republic from 1958 to present. It first examines the brief episode of the Second Republic from 1848-1852, then explains at length the genesis of the weak presidency in the Third Republic from 1870 and its continuation in the Fourth Republic after 1944, as well as the emergence of a strong presidency in 1958. After the historical outline, the majority of the work is focused on the status of the president in the Fifth Republic, in particular the manner of election, the length of his term, and his responsibilities. The following sections analyse the various powers of the President as articulated in the Constitution, according to the bodies to which they relate to in the system of separation of powers. First, the relations with the second branch of the two-headed executive power, which, in addition to the President, is the government and, in particular, the Prime Minister, are defined in more detail. Furthermore, attention is given to the shared powers exercised in coordination with the...
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The position of the French President in the context of the Fifth Republic
Kajtman, Jakub ; Perottino, Michel (advisor) ; Novák, Miroslav (referee)
The current French president has more possibilities to strengthen his position within the political system of the Fifth republic than his predecessors before the year 2000. This is the conclusion of this paper. At the turn of the millennium, French citizens have approved in a referendum the reduction of presidential term from seven to five years. In addition french prime minister initiated the change of the electoral calendar. Thanks to these reforms the probability that the system freezes in the period of cohabitation decreased significantly. In that context, this paper examines in what extend the role of the president became more important and how the last three french heads of state (Chirac, Sarkozy and Hollande) managed to behave within this new constitutional settlement. According to the results of this study, the president got wider possibilities especially in the field of practical execution of his mandate. It is because he can be more certain that the parliamentary majority will support him during his whole five year term. This means that the constitutional reform in 2000 (and next revisions in 2007 and 2008) made the political system clearer and it also stabilized the electoral calendar. Additionally, if an ambitious politician with the will of concentrating big amount of power only in his own...
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Vnímavost kaprovitých a nekaprovitých druhů ryb k CyHV-3
POSPÍCHAL, Aleš
Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) also known as koi herpesvirus (KHV) is a causative agent of highly contagious disease (koi herpesvirus disease) and can cause significant losses in fish stocks. The disease is restricted to koi and common carp, but recent investigations have shown that other cyprinids as well as non-cyprinid species may be asymptomatically susceptible to this virus and might play roles as potential carriers or can contribute to biological conservation leading to persistence of this virus in environment. Therefore, it seems to be important to verify not only the susceptibility of other cyprinid and non-cyprinid species, but also their ability to transmit KHV infection to susceptible species. We investigated the susceptibility of stone loach (Barbatula barbatula) and sterbel - a hybrid between sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) and beluga (Huso huso) to KHV. The investigation was performed by means of their cohabitation together with na?ve koi and intraperitoneally KHV-infected koi (primary challenge). This part of investigation is followed by secondary challenge, when a portion of the surviving stone loach and sterbel was cohabited with health na?ve koi (testing of ability to carry KHV). All samples of fish both from primary challenge and secondary challenge were tested for the presence of KHV DNA by nested PCR. In the primary challenge, results of PCR revealed the presence of KHV DNA in 95% of cohabited na?ve koi samples. Furthermore, PCR analysis of fish samples surviving primary challenge revealed the presence of viral DNA in 77.8% (7/9) of stone loach and in 22.2% (2/9) of sterbel. In case of samples of fish coming from secondary challenge, nested PCR did not reveal any of them to be positive for KHV DNA. Next investigation was focused on assessment of the susceptibility of topmouth gudgeon (Pseudorasbora parva). In this case, we performed cohabitation based on two different conditions. All experiments consisted of primary and secondary challenges as well as in all previous cases. Firstly, we tested topmouth gudgeon under standard conditions (no-stress experiment). After the primary challenge, nested PCR did not reveal the presence of KHV DNA in any specimen of cohabited topmouth gudgeon, but all specimens of dead koi were KHV DNA positive. Nested PCR of fish tissues subjected to the secondary challenge did not show the transfer of virus to naive fish. After that, we changed the experimental conditions and we applied two stress factors (scaring by net and removal of skin mucus) to imitate the stress most commonly encountered in the wild. In this case, all samples were tested for the presence of KHV DNA using real-time PCR. After exposure to stress (removal of skin mucus), real-time PCR revealed four out of five samples (80%) of topmouth gudgeon to be positive for KHV DNA. Two out of five samples (40%) of topmouth gudgeon treated by scaring were found to be positive for the presence of viral DNA. Real-time PCR after the secondary challenge did not reveal any viral DNA positivity in specimens of topmouth gudgeon from groups previously exposed to stress. The stress experiments showed that removal of skin mucus might potentially lead to susceptibility of topmouth gudgeon to CyHV-3 infection, but the transmission of the virus to koi carp was not observed. Even though PCRs positive findings of KHV DNA in tissues of fish were relatively low, the presented results of cohabitation assays of cyprinid and non-cyprinid fish species indicate other species showing slight asymptomatic susceptibility to CyHV-3. On the other hand, on the base of our results coming from "virus-carrier" assays, we could not prove that hybrids between sterlet and beluga, stone loach and topmouth gudgeon can transfer this virus to naive koi.
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The Principle of Equality in French Family Law with regard to various forms of cohabitation
Braune, Lukáš ; Elischer, David (advisor) ; Dvořák, Jan (referee)
The aim of the diploma thesis is to evaluate various forms of living in couple in French legal system with regards to the principle of equality. The choice of France is not random considering the fact that French lawmaker has been regulating this field since late 1990's. The thesis centres on different aspects of living in couple that differ from each other and contribute to their unique identities. In addition, the thesis assesses the issue whether the French model could be a suitable inspiration to Czech lawmakers. This topical subject is influenced by sociology and therefore there must be taken into account homosexuality as a social phenomenon and evolution of its acceptance in French society. This thesis is divided into 6 chapters. The opening chapter discusses fundamental institution of family law, which is family itself, from historical and social perspectives. The second chapter focuses on long-lasting effort of French deputies and non-governmental organizations to adopt legal regulation for same-sex couples. The third chapter describes Civil Solidarity Act and cohabitation. Civil Solidarity Act, commonly known as PACS, is a form of civil union between to adults concluded in order to organise their joint life. Provisions regarding PACS were amended in 2006. Cohabitation reffers to unmarried...
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Direct election of mayors in the European experience
Švadlenková, Michaela ; Jüptner, Petr (advisor) ; Švec, Kamil (referee) ; Balík, Stanislav (referee)
This rigorous thesis has been dealing with the direct election of mayors in Europe. Three hypotheses were postulated in the introduction. The aim of the thesis was to find out, if the direct election of mayors causes an increase in the voter turnout, if it comes to cases of divided majorities and if those are causing issues with local system functioning. Lastly I tried to find out, if the direct election is a trend, which is going to be spreading further. The factors of voter turnout and divided majorities were analysed in seven case studies: England, Norway, Croatia, Poland, Italy, Austria and Germany. In every case study I have compared the voter turnout in the mayoral elections with the turnout in the council elections. In the countries, where the election term was synchronised, the difference in the voter turnout was rather low. In most countries voter turnout in the mayoral elections was identical or lower than in the election of the councils. Only in North Rhine- Westphalia in Germany was the turnout in the mayoral election higher and the difference in the two turnouts was greater. Further I have analysed the voter turnout before and after the introduction of the direct election of mayors. Only in Italy and Croatia was the voter turnout shortly increased after the introduction of the direct...
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The position of the French President in the context of the Fifth Republic
Kajtman, Jakub ; Perottino, Michel (advisor) ; Novák, Miroslav (referee)
The current French president has more possibilities to strengthen his position within the political system of the Fifth republic than his predecessors before the year 2000. This is the conclusion of this paper. At the turn of the millennium, French citizens have approved in a referendum the reduction of presidential term from seven to five years. In addition french prime minister initiated the change of the electoral calendar. Thanks to these reforms the probability that the system freezes in the period of cohabitation decreased significantly. In that context, this paper examines in what extend the role of the president became more important and how the last three french heads of state (Chirac, Sarkozy and Hollande) managed to behave within this new constitutional settlement. According to the results of this study, the president got wider possibilities especially in the field of practical execution of his mandate. It is because he can be more certain that the parliamentary majority will support him during his whole five year term. This means that the constitutional reform in 2000 (and next revisions in 2007 and 2008) made the political system clearer and it also stabilized the electoral calendar. Additionally, if an ambitious politician with the will of concentrating big amount of power only in his own...
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