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Interactions between microsporidial parasites and the host cladoceran Daphnia pulex in a simple environment of a forest pond
Krylová, Pavla ; Petrusek, Adam (advisor) ; Hyliš, Miroslav (referee)
Among the most common endoparasites who infected small crustacean Daphnia pulex include microsporidia. These intracellular parasites appear to look like a simple single- celled organisms, but their cell structure and lifecycle prove the opposite. Microsporidia are species-specific. Although they infected most organisms of the animal kingdom, they are not yet sufficiently understood. This theses is inderectly followed up to the studies of waterflea Daphnia longispina and microsporidia Berwaldia schaefernai from the dam reservoirs The aim was to analyze closer microsporidian infection on host Daphnia pulex in a forest pool with simple enviroment, which included monitoring time dynamics of Daphnia population and identification infection caused by microsporidia Berwaldia singularis and yet unknown microsporidia labor-marked "HVH". Laboratory work included determination of zooplankton and parasites, calculation of prevalence, laboratory experiments with transmission of microsporidian infection between healthy and infected flea culture or by isolated spores. Genetic analysis of aquatic invertebrates from the forest pool, especially larvae of mite and mosquitos, helped make closer microsporidian life cycle and hypothesis about secondary hosts, for the presence of pathogen DNA using specific DNA...
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Benefits and risks of Homesharing in the care for children with autism spectrum disorder
Mandíková, Adéla ; Němec, Zbyněk (advisor) ; Hradilová, Tereza (referee)
This diploma thesis on the topic Benefits and risks of home sharing in the care of children with autism spectrum disorders is focused on children with autism spectrum disorders, their families and especially on the new home sharing service. This is a form of relaxation stay, which regularly takes place in the household of the so-called host. The work is divided into two parts. The first chapter of the theoretical part summarizes the existing historical facts from the description of autism spectrum disorders by Leo Kanner and Hans Aspergerm. It also presents current knowledge in the field of aetiology, diagnostics and classification options. The third chapter is devoted to a family and a child with ASD. The last chapter of the theoretical part presents shared care home sharing. It describes its beginnings in Ireland and its gradual expansion to other countries around the world, including the Czech Republic. The course of pairing and individual phases, without which this service cannot get along, is also described in more detail. The practical part is based on qualitative research. The original intention of the author was to map the experience with the benefits and risks of the home sharing service directly in the primary and host families. However, both of these groups are parts of the Home sharing...
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The role of biting midges in avian blood parasites transmission
Chobotová, Kristýna ; Brzoňová, Jana (advisor) ; Kočišová, Alica (referee)
Biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are hematophagous in- sects mainly important as vectors of viral diseases of farm animals. They have shifted to the forefront of scientific interest in the Czech Republic primarily in relation to the Bluetongue Virus spread since 2007. However, they have been often ignored as vectors of parasitic infec- tions, especially if these are not pathogens of economic importance. In birds, which are the focus of this bachelor's thesis, biting midges are the most significant vector mainly for the genus Haemoproteus, they transmit at least 24 species of these protozoa. On the other hand, they are proven vectors for only one species of the genus Leucocytozoon - L. caulleryi. Trans- mission has been proven for three species of the genus Trypanosoma - T. avium, T. bennetti and T. everetti. Biting midges also transmit helminths of the family Onchocercidae, they play a role as vectors for the genera Eufilaria, Chandlerella and Splendidofilaria. The goal of this bachelor's thesis is to gather information about biting midges as vectors of avian blood parasites - protozoa of the genera Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon and Trypanosoma and helminths of the family Onchocercidae. Key words: biting midges, parasite, vector, host, bird, Haemoproteus,...
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Transmission and epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis
Spitzová, Tatiana
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is widespread disease caused by protozoa Leishmania donovani and Leishmania infantum. Human visceral leishmaniasis caused by Le. donovani in India is considered an anthroponosis, however in East Africa, the role of animals as reservoirs remains unclear. The first part of this thesis demonstrated natural Leishmania infection in wild rodents and bats in Ethiopia. Overall, 8.2% rodents and 4.9% bats were positive for Leishmania spp. Subsequent sequencing revealed that 10% of Leishmania-positive rodents were infected by parasites from Le. donovani complex, on the other hand, no Le. donovani DNA was detected in bats. All Le. donovani-positive rodents were captured in the localities of southwest Ethiopia where human VL cases have been reported and potential sand fly vectors occur. Our findings indicate that rodents are likely to play a role in VL transmission in Ethiopia. During blood feeding, sand flies inoculate into the host skin immunogenic salivary proteins which elicit species specific antibody response. Anti-saliva antibodies could be used as a marker of host exposure to sand flies and, in leishmaniasis endemic areas, also as risk markers of Leishmania infection. In order to find out if the domestic animals (dog, goat, cow, and donkey) from north and northwest Ethiopia...
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Host manipulation as a helminth strategy increasing the probability of further transmission
Urbanová, Monika ; Horák, Petr (advisor) ; Bulantová, Jana (referee)
The manipulation hypothesis deals with the ability of some parasitic organisms to efficiently change the phenotype of their hosts to facilitate their transmission. The parasite thus gains a selective advantage and, compared to non-manipulating species, is more reproductive. This phenomenon can also be observed in some parasitic helminths. The objects of helminth manipulation are most often invertebrates, who serve as intermediate hosts. In infected animals, we can observe striking morphological changes, abnormal movement reactions, or even suicidal tendencies. The objects of helminth manipulation are most often invertebrates, who serve as intermediate hosts. Manipulation can be divided into direct and indirect, depending on whether the parasite is able to act directly on the nervous tissue of the host. The desired behavioral response can be elicited in other ways, for example, by disrupting the host's metabolism or through complex interactions with the immune system. This thesis focuses mainly on the presentation of various strategies that are most often described in helminth manipulators. Key words: Helminth, host, infection, manipulation, behavioral change, extended phenotype
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Parasitic wasps Anaphes flavipes Förster, 1841 (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) as model for parasitoid-host interactions study
Samková, Alena ; Janšta, Petr (advisor) ; Honěk, Alois (referee) ; Hrček, Jan (referee)
Parasitic wasps have a wide range of specific developmental interactions with their hosts due to a close "parasitoid-host" relationship and that allows the study of many ecological and evolutionary questions. In our work, we focused on the parasitoid-host interactions in the parasitic wasp Anaphes flavipes (Förster, 1841) (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae). Because A. flavipes show a high variability of morphology and size, they have been repeatedly described as a new species in the past. Thus, we first redescribed the species and we compared the variability of some morphological structures for wasps from different localities (Paper 1). The high variability of the body size of wasps is reviewed in the second article, where we propose that females of A. flavipes do not decide according to the generally known "trade-off" scheme, if they will have more smaller offspring or fewer bigger offspring. In fact, the number of offspring depends on the body size of the female ("body size-fitness" hypothesis), which determines the variable reproductive strategies of mothers (the number of individuals that are laid into one host by a single female) (Paper 2). The third manuscript deals with the reproductive strategy of gregarious parasitoids. The reproductive strategy does not have to be stable; in the case of A....
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Haemoproteus in passerines: infection dynamics at the individual level
Chalupová, Barbora ; Svobodová, Milena (advisor) ; Hořák, David (referee)
The genus Haemoproteus is worldwide distributed parasitic protist, which belongs to the phylum Apicomplexa. This blood parasite has dixenous life cycle and he is occurs in the bird's blood and in invertebrate vectors. Genus Haemoproteus is transmitted by blood-sucking vectors, biting midges (Ceratopogonidae) and hippoboscid flies (Hippoboscidae). Vectors are final hosts of the genus Haemoproteus and the sexual process takes place in these vectors. Birds are intermediate hosts, in which representatives of the genus Haemoproteus spend most of their lives. In this bachelor thesis I focused on the influence of the genus Haemoproteus on birds and I focus on the time, when the bird gets infected by Haemoproteus in his life. Key words: Haemoproteus, birds, infection, life cycle, host, Ceratopogonidae, Hippoboscidae
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Population genetics and speciation in Stylops (Strepsiptera)
Kodejš, Karel ; Straka, Jakub (advisor) ; Černá, Kateřina (referee)
This thesis is focused to population genetics of selected species of genus Stylops in Europe. Within this genus, five species was analysed by usage of two approaches - microsatellite analysis in Stylops ater and analysis of mitochondrial DNA in all five species. Mitochondrial gene for cytochome c oxidase (1st subunit) was used. For microsatellite analysis was performed bayesian clustering analysis and ABC approach (Aproximate Bayesian Computation). Mitochondrial markers were processed by making haplotype networks and demography analysis by computing Bayesian skyline plots. For Stylops ater, surprisingly low lewel of population subdivision was detected, yet with clearly differentiated population clusters from Scandinavia and baltic coast of Europe, which may imply period of isolation of these populations or relativelly recent population expansion and genetic differentiation due to lower population sizes. Next, hypotesis of possible temporal segregation of subpopulations of Stylops nevinsoni based on different aktivity period of their host species groups, was supported. In other three species, population subdivision was observed to be related either due to host specialisation (Stylops mellitae) or geographic consequences (S.nassonowi, S.spreta). Interesting finding is also detection of population...
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