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Fake news as a security and political issue today
Hadbavniková, Ivana ; Romancov, Michael (advisor) ; Charvát, Jan (referee)
The topic of this diploma thesis is fake news as a current security and political problem. The term fake news is not officially codified. This diploma thesis will mainly focus on the theoretical definition of the term fake news and its differentiation from similar terms with which it's often interchanged incorrectly. Furthermore, this thesis will focus on social media, which can be used to spread fake news, as well as on the methods used for distinguishing fake news in the online world. The term fake news is also often connected with the term hybrid threat also referred to as a possible tool of the hybrid war, therefore this thesis will dedicate a section to these concepts and their critique. Fake news as a security and political issue will be observed within the example of the Czech Republic based on the selected definition of fake new with focus on the influence of Russia. First, actors who are possibly responsible for spread of fake news within the Czech Republic will be mapped, after which four specific websites and their reporting on certain news events in connection with Russia in the period from March 2020 until present will be examined.
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The influence of personality and selected media on the perception of the Covid-19 pandemic
El Hadjoine, Muhamed Amin ; Vranka, Marek (advisor) ; Ježková, Tereza (referee)
The subject of this diploma thesis is the issue of spreading false reports about the disease COVID-19. The work aims to map the relationship between personality traits, political orientation, used sources of information, and susceptibility to conspiracy theories in the Slovak Republic with the help of quantitative research, specifically a questionnaire survey. The theoretical part of the thesis explains the key concepts, concepts related to false reports, their characteristics and dissemination practices. Following the set goals, it presents psychological factors that influence the spread of false information, justifies the tendency of a large part of the population to trust false reports, and presents the concepts of a five-factor model of personality and cognitive reflection testing. The practical part of the work is devoted to research, the aim of which was to present the factors influencing the tendency to consider false reports about the disease COVID-19 to be credible. Greater attention has been paid to the influence of individuals' personalities on their attitudes to pandemics. The data collected in the form of a questionnaire survey suggest that personality characteristics do not have a significant effect on the tendency to believe in false reports. However, research suggests that...
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Disinformation on Czech Fake News Websites during Covid-19 Pandemic
Schneiderová, Soňa ; Moravec, Václav (advisor) ; Končelík, Jakub (referee)
The Bachelor thesis "Disinformation on Czech disinformation websites during the covid-19 pandemic" studies the content published on the disinformation media Ac24.cz, Sputnik, Aeronet and Parlamentní listy during the covid-19 pandemic and examines it in the context of the false news phenomenon. The goal of the thesis is to analyze articles on the mentioned websites, find out what topics the articles were about and how they were changing over time. At the same time, this thesis also examines the format of the articles, the presence or absence of clickbait headlines and if their authors were anonymous or not. In the theoretical part of the thesis, the concept of false news is explained first, together with its division into misinformation, malinformation and disinformation. In the following subchapters, disinformation is discussed the most, as well as the risks connected to it, its authors and the disinformation media. The thesis also deals with the topic of legislation and the regulation of disinformation and the disinformation media. In the second part of the thesis, the research including the methodology is introduced. The research is based on a quantitative content analysis, supplemented by a qualitative content analysis. The research sample consists of a random selection of ten articles published...
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Disinformation narratives in the Czech cyberspace in regarding the vaccination against Covid-19
Hospodárová, Klára ; Moravec, Václav (advisor) ; Miessler, Jan (referee)
The bachelor's thesis "Disinformation narratives in the Czech cyberspace in regarding the vaccination against COVID-19" in the context of the phenomenon of misleading, false or pseudo news deals with the way of the news media informing in the Czech environment combined with interpretation of not only these messages by non-professional social network users. The aim of the thesis is to find out whether there is a real correlation between professional and nonprofessional content in the same relevant period. In the theoretical part, emphasis is placed on a sufficient and, above all, comprehensible definition of terms related to the issue of information disorders, including the ordering of individual terms. In the first part of the work, facts are based on relevant sources of internal and foreign literature. In the second part of the work, I present the research background, including hypotheses and research questions. The whole thesis is based on a qualitative research method, which focuses on the analysis of articles produced by professional journalism in contrast to the posts available on the social network Facebook, whose authors are users from the general public, i.e., nonprofessional users. The results are summarized in the conclusion, which evaluates the course and knowledge gained in the...
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Media Literacy of Students of the Czech Upper Primary Schools
Šebestová, Nela ; Wolák, Radim (advisor) ; Supa, Markéta (referee)
This diploma thesis entitled Media Literacy of Students of The Czech Upper Primary Schools deals with media education and media literacy of Czech upper primary school students with focus on their abilities to analyze and verify media messages. The theoretical part of the thesis describes the implementation and concept of media education in Czech educational system and also presents media education within the Educational Program Framework (Rámcový vzdělávací program). Furthermore, the document Recommended Expected Outcomes for Media Education (Doporučené očekávané výstupy pro mediální výchovu) is presented in more detail, on the basis of which the first part of the questionnaire in the research section was created. Then, in this work, media literacy is defined, and especially the key concepts of disinformation, fake news and hoaxes. The most up-to-date research on the level of media literacy is also presented here. Furthermore, projects that have been and are being created in the Czech Republic for the purpose of education in the field of media literacy are presented. The aim of the research part is to measure the level of media literacy at the Czech upper primary schools using quantitative methods in the form of a questionnaire survey and a qualitative method in the form of focus groups....
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Photography and its authenticity in the context of the debate about disseminating disinformation in the online environment
Cengrová, Michaela ; Řehořová, Irena (advisor) ; Švantner, Martin (referee)
The submitted thesis focuses on the photograph and its role in the process of disseminating disinformation in the online environment. The thesis deals with the opinion that, despite the fundamental changes in the understanding of photography and its credibility, which together with the transition from its analogue form to digital one, photography retains the status of an authentic medium. For this reason photography is becoming a very powerful tool for spreading misinformation. The thesis deals with the theoretical basis of objectivity of photography, its documentary value and expectation of authenticity. The role of the context, which is crucial for understanding the photographic message, will be emphasized. The thesis also defines the basic concepts related to the phenomenon of disinformation. The strategies used to spread disinformation via photography is also presented. In the practical part of the thesis particular disinformative photographic messages is analyzed. Ways to verify the authenticity of particular photographic images are presented. Keywords: photography, authenticity, disinformation, hoax, fake news, online environment, manipulation
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The Phenomenon of Fake News in the Czech Media Milieu
Beránek, Matěj ; Švantner, Martin (advisor) ; Marcelli, Miroslav (referee)
This thesis focused on disinformation, providing analysis of media system in the Czech Republic. The main focus is on content analysis of disinformations and their persuasive function - explaining what are the ain characteristics of those news and which lingual and rhetorical tools they use. The main tool which is discussed and analysed in this thesis is fallacy, false or invalid arguments. Disinformation phenomenon and its place in today's world is explained in their first part of the thesis. The second, empirical part of the thesis looks at specific examples of disinformations which were published at selected Czech disinformation news websites (Aaronet, AC24, Instory.cz). Selection of those websites was guided by their diversity when it comes to structure and themes. The sample of analysed articles was subject to predefined standards, chosing articles with the theme of immigration crisis which were published between 2015 and 2017.
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Dissemination of so-called fake news about the key events of 2020 among YouTubers and Twich streamers
Gobyová, Kateřina ; Miessler, Jan (advisor) ; Hodboď, Vojtěch (referee)
Object of this thesis is to compare the broadcast content of selected YouTubers and Twitch streamers related to the main events of 2020 with how traditional media organizations such as television, press or Internet news servers inform the public about the same topics. It also deals with the possible influence of opinions, especially of young viewers, who represent the target audience for most YouTubers and Twitch streamers. Based on a comparison of the coverage of selected events, the work also attempts to assess whether or not leading Czech YouTubers and Twitch streamers can be considered relevant sources of information in crisis situations.
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Fighting Fake News with Accuracy: Dual Processing Perspective
Harutyunyan, Mikayel ; Chytilová, Julie (advisor) ; Červinka, Michal (referee)
The phenomenon of "fake news", or misleading online content, is increasingly worrisome due to its large-scale socio-economic impact. Researchers and practitioners attempted to understand what drives the virality and believability of fake news and how to reduce its influence. This research aims to shed light on these questions. Building upon a theoretical account positing that people share fake news because they simply fail to engage in deliberate thinking, we designed an accuracy prompt intervention to encourage people to think effortfully. In a pre-registered study conducted via Prolific (N = 520), we find limited evidence supporting accuracy prompts stylized as warning labels, but only for increasing sharing discernment in true, not fake news. The veracity of news articles does not impact sharing intentions, despite having a sizeable effect on accuracy judgments. This and other findings support the dual processing theory of cognition in the context of fake news. Predispositions towards more intuitive thinking increased belief in fake news and higher distrust in true news. Conversely, a better ability to engage in effortful thinking increases truth discernment. In addition, confirmation bias decreases truth discernment and increases sharing intentions. Politically concordant true headlines are...
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The role of the media in spreading conspiracy theories, fake news and hoaxes
Hamrník, Jan ; Cebe, Jan (advisor) ; Končelík, Jakub (referee)
This diploma thesis focuses on the dissemination of conspiracy theories, fake news and hoaxes and the role of media in this process. First, the basic concepts are explained and the topic of the thesis is put in a broader context. The functioning of disinformation media is described including the description of the local scene. Other channels used to deceive recipients include e-mails and applications, social networks, and word of mouth. Special attention is paid to the regular media and the rules according to which they should operate. The theory is followed by a practical part, which maps the spreading of specific misinformation not only through the media, but also fact-checking initiatives. Examples include conspiracy theories about the fire in Notre-Dame Cathedral, hoaxes about alleged refugees in Cheb, Czech Television journalist Marek Wollner and MP Olga Richterová, and the case of the dubious non-profit organization International Children's Cross. The analysis of these cases is conducted through a mixed research model: Data collection is carried out by a quantitative method, while working with them, qualitative methods associated with grounded theory are applied. The aim is to define and describe the forms that the media give to misinformation in their outputs, and to determine in which cases...
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