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Gut microbiome and its changes related to therapy of chronic diseases
Hurych, Jakub ; Cinek, Ondřej (advisor) ; Kolář, Milan (referee) ; Falt, Přemysl (referee)
This work examines the response of the gut microbiome to therapeutic interventions in three longitudinal studies of chronic gastrointestinal diseases: Crohn's disease, celiac autoimmunity and irritable bowel syndrome. Multiple methods of stool microbiome analysis (especially massively parallel 16S rDNA or 18S rDNA sequencing and metagenomic sequencing) followed by bioinformatic and statistical analysis were used. In Crohn's disease, we detected a previously undescribed secondary nature of changes in the gut bacteriome after anti-TNF treatment. In celiac disease autoimmunity, where previous works described an effect of probiotic intervention on serological markers of the disease, the gut bacteriome and metabolome, we described the absence of significant changes in beneficial gut protozoa. In irritable bowel syndrome, we observed a significant response of the bacteriome after administering four doses of mixed microbiota transplantation but no response in the reduction of clinical symptoms. The results of these studies could contribute to a better understanding of the gut microbiome's role in the pathogenesis of these serious diseases. Keywords: microbiome, Crohn's disease, celiac disease, irritable bowel syndrome
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Increase in muscle mass during remission in patients with Crohn's disease
Dittrichová, Jana ; Křížová, Jarmila (advisor) ; Šatný, Martin (referee)
Pacients with Crohn's disease lose a significant amount of muscle mass during the acute phase. The amount of muscle mass plays a crucial role in determining an individual's physical fitness, quality of life, and improves the prognosis of the disease. The theoretical part of the presented work focuses on the importance of muscle mass, its growth in relation to protein intake, the issues related to Crohn's disease, and the increase of muscle mass during remission. In the practical part of the study, the goal was to determine how many kilograms patients with Crohn's disease typically lose during the acute phase of the illness and compare it with the weight loss in patients with ulcerative colitis. The aim was also to verify the impact of protein intake education and recommendations for the frequency and type of exercise on muscle mass growth, increased muscle strength, and walking speed in patients with Crohn's disease. In the practical part, it was found that patients with Crohn's disease lose between 11.79 to 16.29 kg during the acute phase of the illness. In the study with education, each participant underwent two measurements with an interval of 4-6 weeks. The parameters examined included the amount of muscle mass, a 4-meter walking test, and handgrip strength. After the first measurement,...
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Microbial transplantation and its effect on the course of ulcerative colitis
Březina, Jan ; Drastich, Pavel (advisor) ; Šťovíček, Jan (referee) ; Janoštiak, Radoslav (referee)
The complex etiopathogenesis of idiopathic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) remains unclear, with one of the main suspected causes being the dysregulation of mucosal immunity in response to specific components of the gut microbiome. This dissertation investigates the potential of faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) as an innovative therapeutic intervention aimed at modifying the microbiome and influencing the course of IBD. FMT, involving the transfer of stool from a healthy donor to the patient, has proven highly effective in the treatment of recurrent Clostridioides difficile colitis, where it is already considered a standard therapeutic procedure. However, in relation to IBD, FMT remains an experimental method, predominantly used in clinical studies. Current systematic reviews indicate that the effect of FMT on ulcerative colitis (UC) is variable, both in terms of achieving remission and clinical response. Recent randomized controlled trials for UC, in accordance with our presented data, show a mild to moderate effect of FMT in this indication. The effectiveness of FMT is influenced by a range of factors, particularly the correct selection of donor or donors, the diversity of their microbiome, methods of application, and frequency of administration. In the case of Crohn's disease, the data...
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Acquisition, Modeling and Signal Processing in Ultrasound Perfusion Imaging
Mézl, Martin ; Kozubek, Michal (referee) ; Flusser,, Jan (referee) ; Jiřík, Radovan (advisor)
This work deals with possibilities of ultrasound perfusion analysis for the absolute quantification of perfusion parameters. In the theoretical part of this work are discussed possibilities of using of the ultrasound contrast agents and approaches for the perfusion analysis. New methods for the perfusion analysis are suggested and tested in the practical part of this work. The methods are based on convolutional model in which the concentration of the contrast agent is modeled as aconvolution of the arterial input function and the tissue residual function. The feasibility of these methods for the absolute quantification of perfusion parameters is shown on data from phantom studies, simulations and also preclinical and clinical studies. The software for the whole process of the perfusion analysis was developed for using in hospitals.
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Speciální druhy pečiva a možnosti inovace receptur
Janečková, Šárka
Thesis is focused on the production of baked goods for population groups suffering from diseases that require special dietary therapy. Subject of the literature research was to get acquainted with three of the most serious of them - celiac disease, Crohn's disease and diabetes and a consequent summary of the individual dietary requirements related to the diseases. The aim was to create an overview of basic, innovative and non-traditional ingredients suitable for the production of special baked goods for people suffering from these diseases. Practical part of the work was based on the development of six recipes for the production of bakery products using non-traditional ingredients, followed by successful execution of baking expe-riment, instrumental analysis of samples and sensory evaluation of the products. The baking experiment resulted in 3 groups of baked goods - gluten-free, non-residual and low-carbohydrate. The best volume, firmness and sensory properties were achieved in the gluten-free bakery products, which were very similar to the conventional bakery products and were also judged to be the most sensory ac-ceptable based on the sensory questionnaires. For the other two groups of bakery products, the results of the measurements and sensory evaluation were not very sa-tisfactory, although very interesting crust and crumb colours were achieved in the-se samples due to the used ingeridents.
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Histopathological predictors of clinical course severity and development of surgical complications in children with inflammatory bowel diseases
Fabián, Ondřej ; Zámečník, Josef (advisor) ; Daum, Ondřej (referee) ; Karásková, Eva (referee)
The aim of the presented thesis is to summarize a benefit and limitations of histopathological assessment of bioptic samples for diagnostics and prediction of complicated course of the disease in children with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). We would also like to outline a potential benefit of more sophisticated histopathological methods in these domains. In the first phase of our research, we aimed at correlation of microscopical disease activity in children with Crohn's disease (CD) with activity assessed endoscopically and clinically. We also examined a histopathology as a possible predictor of development of complications, since previous works on adult cohorts indicate only a limited predictive value of microscopy. Our study confirmed this premise also for pediatric patients, since histopathological findings correlated weakly with endoscopy, didn't correlate with clinical activity of the disease and did predict none of the defined complications. On the other hand, endoscopy appeared to be a reliable predictor of complicated course of the disease. In the next part of our research, we were searching for other, more precise methods of assessment of histopathological disease activity that could serve as predictors of complications. We focused at immunohistochemical assessment of tissue...
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Awareness of children from selected schools about Crohn's disease
Mejstříková, Anna ; Hanušová, Jaroslava (advisor) ; Váchová, Alena (referee)
In my bachlors thesis I decided to focus on Crohn's disease. In the theoretical part, I dealt with the basic information about the disease, in which I tried to summarize the important information. For example, I focus on etiology, clinical picture, treatment and quality of life of patients. Then, in the practical part, I discuss the knowledge of children. These knowledge was collected by an anonymous survey using questionnaires. The questionnaires were distributed among the sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth grades in the primary school in Uhlířské Janovice and in the Gymnasium in Kolín. My aim was to find out whether the children were informed about the disease and if so, to what extent. For a better overview I chose two sub-objectives and one main objective. In the first sub-objective, I concentrate on basic information about Crohn's disease and supposted that less than 50% of the children would not be aware of the existence of Crohn's disease at all. This assumption held true. Only 62 children (31.3%) had heard of the disease. In the second sub-objective, I focused on knowledge. Here, I assumed that children from the grammar school would be more aaware of Crohn's disease than children from the primary school. This assumption was not fulfilled. The primary school children has an overall success...
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Dietary habits in inflammatory bowel disease
NÝVLTOVÁ, Natálie
This paper deals with the dietary habits of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. In the theoretical part, the anatomy of the digestive tract is described, then, for example, the epidemiology, clinical picture and therapeutic options for IBD. The first aim of the thesis was to describe the dietary habits of patients with idiopathic intestinal inflammation in the period of relapse and remission, as well as how the patients were educated about nutritional measures and in this way highlight the role of the dietitian. The second aim was to focus on the food choices of the low residue diet (Doberský, 1983) and the CDED diet, then to make comparisons for foods that might appear problematic from the CDED diet choices relative to the low residue diet of Doberský, (1983). Eight respondents diagnosed with IBD participated in the study. Data collection was conducted using a qualitative method with semi-structured interviews, and was subsequently compiled into individual case studies. A table of these selected foods was then evaluated. Finally, the menus sent by the respondents were evaluated using Nutriservis Professional software. Data analysis showed that in 7 of the 8 cases, the dietitian was not independently involved in patient education. Furthermore, in cases where adequate education was not provided, respondents tended to gravitate towards unnecessary dietary restrictions. The eating habits of the respondents during relapse and remission were highly individual. In the part of the paper where the food list was analysed, some respondents tolerated selected foods in relapse and remission, although none of them had an indicated CDED diet or were taking Modulen. This work may serve the patients with IBS themselves to better understand the nutritional issues in UC or CD. Also to students or the general public.
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Dietary habits of patients suffering from IBD
Metličková, Aneta ; Kohout, Pavel (advisor) ; Šimková, Simona (referee)
This diploma thesis titled "Dietary habits of patients suffering from IBD", deals with specifics of said diseases as well as nutrition of these patients. The theoretical part touches on Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, it lists characteristics, epidemiology, possible complications and treatments of these diseases. There is a detailed description of usage of medical nutrition therapy and various diets that use to be recommended to these patients. It also presents medical nutrition therapy as an indispensable element of the process of treating these diseases. The 4 main goals I set for my thesis were as follows: to map eating habits of respondents suffering from IBD; to compare eating habits of patients suffering from IBD with those of healthy respondents; to compare eating habits of patients suffering from CD with eating habits of patients suffering from UC and lastly - to find out where respondents get their information on their disease and nutrition from. The research consisted of 12 respondents in total of which half were patients suffering from IBD and the other half were healthy individuals. The group of respondents suffering from IBD consisted of 3 CD patients and 3 UC patients. To obtain the data I used a semi-structured interview as well as dietary recall. I chose to interview only...
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Tcf4 transcription factor in the intestinal epithelium renewal and pathology
Müllerová, Tereza ; Janečková, Lucie (advisor) ; Vávra, Jiří (referee)
TCF4 (T-Cell Factor 4, sometimes also TCF7L2) is an important effector of the canonical Wnt signalling pathway. The transcription factor is produced in many different isoforms with tissue-specific expressionand diametricallyopposing functions.In the intestine,TCF4 is a key factor in epithelial regenerationandmaintenance of stem cell homeostasis. Its depletion causes loss of the proliferatingcrypt compartment and complete breakdown of the intestinal mucosal architecture. The processes in which it acts are therefore vital and must be strongly regulated by the Wnt signalling pathway. Disturbances in TCF4 expression or alternative splicing often lead to a wide range of complex pathologies such as colon cancer, ileal Crohn's disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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