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Role of prion proteins at differentiating cells
Kučerová, Johanka ; Holada, Karel (advisor) ; Drbal, Karel (referee)
Cellular prion protein (PrPC) is well known for its pathological isoform PrPSc, widely believed to be the infectious agent of the prion diseases, which include Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), scrapie and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The physiological role of PrPC is poorly understood, but its involvement in the regulation of apoptosis, adhesion molecules, antioxidant, or signal molecules, has been described. Despite of these findings, it hasn't been proven, that the protein is necessary for normal development of mice. However, the protein was shown to be essential for regeneration of hematopoietic stem cells after exposure to lethal stress conditions. Expression of PrPC may have an effect on the proliferation and differentiation of cells by helping them keep the proliferative activity, or slow spontaneous differentiation. The quantity of the protein correlates positively or negatively with expression of transcription factors such as Oct4/Nestin, which are essential for development in embryogenesis. Its expression also regulates transition of cells from G1 phase to S phase of the cell cycle. This bachelor thesis is focused on published results describing the influence of PrPC on cellular proliferation and differentiation.
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Nervous tissue regeneration following ischemic injury in adulthood - the role of glial cells
Kamenická, Monika ; Anděrová, Miroslava (advisor) ; Kletečková, Lenka (referee)
Ischemic stroke (ischemia) is one of the most common causes of death in the world. The consequences of this disease are enormous and markedly affect the lives of patients who often are unable to live a full quality of life as before. Therefore, the current research is focused on elucidating new mechanisms that could mitigate the effects of ischemia and better regeneration of nerve tissue. This theses aims to summarize the current knowledge about neurogenesis/gliogenesis in the nerve tissue under physiological conditions, after ischemic injury and subsequent regeneration. The first chapter is focused on neurogenesis in the nervous tissue of adults. The two main neurogenic regions are described, such as subventricular zone and the gyrus dentatus in hippocampus. The following is a brief description of cells that are located in neurogenic regions and their function under physiological conditions. The second chapter focuses on gliogenesis in adult nervous tissue and describes the glial cells responsible for numerous functions in CNS. Furthermore, the functions of individual types of glial cells are listed. The third chapter gives the overview about pathophysiology of ischemia. The author tries to explain what is happening in the brain tissue during and following ischemia, what types of ischemia are...
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The role of estrogen receptors in prognosis and therapy outcome of breast cancer
Kloudová, Alžběta ; Souček, Pavel (advisor) ; Dračínská, Helena (referee)
Estrogen receptors (ER) are members of nuclear receptor family, which mediate distinct physiological functions after binding a steroid ligand. Apart from that they play a role in many diseases including breast cancer. ER is among proteins routinely evaluated in clinical practice and on the basis of ER expression, patients are treated by endocrine therapy. There are different opinions of the role of ER in cancer cells, but in the future, detection of ER and treatment by ER- and ER-selective ligands could contribute to improvement of cancer therapy. Isoforms, mutations and posttranslational modifications of ER present other important factors, which can influence estrogen signalization and endocrine therapy efficiency and deciphering of their importance for cancer cells could bring better understanding of ER signalization and improvement of the therapy.
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Structural sudy of prolifareation phase of somatic embryogenesis of Norway spruce under the effect of aromatic cytokinines
Kadlecová, Marie ; Albrechtová, Jana (advisor) ; Eliášová, Kateřina (referee)
Somatic embryogenesis (SE) represents potentially very suitable way of plant production - micropropagation - of plants in vitro. The process had been studied for more than thirty years and a lot of knowledge has been gained in the field though new ways based on new knowledge leading to improvement and increase of the effectiveness of cultivation protocols are still under focus in the field. Relatively recent discovery of aromatic cytokinins lead to new knowledge on very positive effects on different morphogenetic and physiological processes during both cultivation in vitro or in vivo treatments. This gave origin to the topic of the present thesis, which focused on study of the effect of meta-topolin (mT), aromatic cytokinin, on proliferation phase of SE on structural level of embryogenic lines of Norway spruce Picea abies (L.) Karst. The aim of the thesis is analysis of structural development of embryogenic lines with the use of anatomical preparations and quantitative stereological methods. The material represented three embryogenic lines: 107 and 34C were obtained from the Forestry and Game Management Research Institute from the lab of Dr. Jana Malá and the line AFO 541, which was used as a standard line. To compare the effect of mT with benzylaminopurine (BAP) on proportion of different...
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Comparing the US and European Union Security Policies Related to the Threat of Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation
Kocková, Tereza ; Jireš, Jan (advisor) ; Slačálek, Ondřej (referee)
The purpose of this assignment is to compare and contrast the non-proliferation policies of the European Union and the United States after 9/11, based on key documents. To begin the focus will be on weapons of mass destruction (WMD); definition, types, key agreements and the organisations fighting against the proliferation. The research will continue by addressing the non-proliferation policy of the EU and the USA on key documents and case studies and how their approach to the iranian nuclear programme has been affected by them. Finally to conclude there will be an analysis of the differences between the policies.
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Study of differential potential of spermatogonial stem cells via transplantation in vertebrates
Kodedová, Barbora ; Krylov, Vladimír (advisor) ; Pšenička, Martin (referee)
Spermatogonia, or spermatogonial stem cells are necessary to maintain male fertility. In the complex process of ongoing spermatogenesis in the testes these pluripotent stem cells proliferate and differentiate into sperm cells. In 1994 the first spermatogonial transplantation technique was described in rodents to allow the study of male germ cells. The following series of studies of intra- and inter-species transmission of testicular tissue revealed the regenerative capacity of transplanted spermatogonial stem cells and their possible usage. Recently, spermatogonia transplantation systems are developed in many vertebrates making it possible to study the development of sperm as well as artificial production of male and female gametes derived from germ cell donors. The differentiation potential of spermatogonial stem cells enabled the creation of transgenic organisms by genetic manipulation of isolated spermatogonia and subsequent transplantation into a suitable recipient. Spermatogonial transplantation in the future may find their application in regenerative medicine, the treatment of disorders of spermatogenesis, or serve to preservation of genetic stock of endangered species.
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Dynamics of the nuclear weapons proliferation in countries beside the original group of five
Kejlová, Tamara ; Střítecký, Vít (advisor) ; Bříza, Vlastislav (referee)
Bachelor thesis "The Dynamics of Nuclear Proliferation in Countries outside of the Original Nuclear Five" deals with nuclear programs in countries that have not signed the Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). The theoretical framework is based on the proliferation debate and in particular with focus on Scott Sagan's explanatory models. By application of Sagan's models on three case studies of countries which have not signed the NPT (India, Pakistan, Israel) and two case studies of countries that renounced possession of nuclear weapons (South Africa and Ukraine), the thesis concludes, that the nature of proliferation incentives is in most cases multidimensional and the classic realistic paradigm itself is frequently insufficient to explain the causes of proliferation.
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Nanostructured TiO2 as the surface for the investigation of cell behaviour
Poláková, Kateřina ; Urbánková, Kateřina (referee) ; Fohlerová,, Zdenka (advisor)
This thesis deals with the study of cells on nanostructured surfaces of titanium dioxide, which are produced by the electrochemical method called anodic oxidation. The theoretical part is formed by an overview of manufacturing nanostructured surfaces using anodic oxidation method. It mentions the influence of external factors on the geometric parameters of the structure and description of methods of characterization structures. Furthermore there is processed outline of use for biomedical application and the description of interaction of the cell with surface. The practical part includes description of the production of nanoporous and nano-tubular structures made on thin films of titanium by direct method of anodic oxidation on which was studied the influence of external factors. Described a procedure and production of nanorods structures and nanodots generated using alumina template (AAO) which is subsequently carried out the study of the behavior of cells, which includes tests of adhesion, examination of morphology of cells, assays of proliferation and differentiation. Structures are under investigation of the interaction of cells with the nanostructured layer compared with the smooth surface of the titanium dioxide.
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Úloha výročních konferencí NPT v procesu kontroly jaderného zbrojení v době globalizace.
Nepimach, Filip ; Eichler, Jan (advisor) ; Dubský, Zbyněk (referee)
This Bachelor thesis deals with the task of final reviews of NPT in the time of globalisation, based on the theory of idealism. Its objective is to determine whether are those reviews an effective initiative on the ground of fulfilment of their remarks towards the USA and Russian federation, as states that possess the highest number of nuclear weapons. The thesis firstly explains the issue of nuclear weapons, then analyses the final review with regard to the USA and Russian federation and finally summarizes the discovered facts.
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