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Interactions between microsporidial parasites and the host cladoceran Daphnia pulex in a simple environment of a forest pond
Krylová, Pavla ; Petrusek, Adam (advisor) ; Hyliš, Miroslav (referee)
Among the most common endoparasites who infected small crustacean Daphnia pulex include microsporidia. These intracellular parasites appear to look like a simple single- celled organisms, but their cell structure and lifecycle prove the opposite. Microsporidia are species-specific. Although they infected most organisms of the animal kingdom, they are not yet sufficiently understood. This theses is inderectly followed up to the studies of waterflea Daphnia longispina and microsporidia Berwaldia schaefernai from the dam reservoirs The aim was to analyze closer microsporidian infection on host Daphnia pulex in a forest pool with simple enviroment, which included monitoring time dynamics of Daphnia population and identification infection caused by microsporidia Berwaldia singularis and yet unknown microsporidia labor-marked "HVH". Laboratory work included determination of zooplankton and parasites, calculation of prevalence, laboratory experiments with transmission of microsporidian infection between healthy and infected flea culture or by isolated spores. Genetic analysis of aquatic invertebrates from the forest pool, especially larvae of mite and mosquitos, helped make closer microsporidian life cycle and hypothesis about secondary hosts, for the presence of pathogen DNA using specific DNA...
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Mosquitoes as hosts and vectors of protozoa transmitted to birds
Fialová, Magdaléna ; Svobodová, Milena (advisor) ; Munclinger, Pavel (referee)
Mosquitoes belong to significant representatives of inscet which are particularly studied due to their ability to transmit pathogens (viruses, bacteria, protozoa, worms) in many cases causing serious illnesses. The hosts of these pathogens can be various animals including birds. In this study I have focused on protozoa (especially Plasmodium and Trypanosoma) transmitted by a mosquito. Concerning trypanosomes the mosquito is one of several possible vectors and up to now there have been named two trypanosomes transmitted by birds, namely Trypanosoma culicavium and Trypanosoma thomasbancrofti. In the case of the genus Plasmodium the mosquito is the only vector and there are many more species of the genus Plasmodium, which mosquito transmits between birds. Key words: vector, mosquito, host, bird, Trypanosoma, Plasmodium, infection
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Visual cues in the coevolution of brood parasite and its hosts
Šulc, Michal ; Honza, Marcel (advisor) ; Fuchs, Roman (referee) ; Samaš, Peter (referee)
Avian brood parasitism is an ideal system for the study of coevolution. Brood parasites and their hosts have developed interesting adaptations during co-evolution allowing them to maximize their fitness. The evolution of these adaptations has a character of an "arms race" where the evolution of one trait in the host is tied with the evolution of another trait in the parasite. In my doctoral thesis, I deal with two of these adaptations: recognition of parasitic eggs by hosts and mimicry of eggs in parasites. Since both these adaptations are influenced by birds' visual system, in all my studies I used an objective method to measure the colour and the modelling of avian visual system that is quite different from the human visual system. For instance, humans in contrast to birds cannot perceive ultraviolet (UV) light. However, this part of spectrum influences behaviour of birds substantially (e.g. courtship or foraging). We found that the hosts of brood parasites can use UV light when recognizing parasitic eggs. However, it seems that this part of spectrum is not the main cue in egg recognition (manuscript 1). Ambient light has also an important impact on colour perception. We determined whether the light conditions in nests influence host responses to alien eggs. The Red Bishop (Euplectes orix) was an ideal...
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Transmission and epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis
Spitzová, Tatiana ; Volf, Petr (advisor) ; Antoniou, Maria (referee) ; Dujardin, Jean-Claude (referee)
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is widespread disease caused by protozoa Leishmania donovani and Leishmania infantum. Human visceral leishmaniasis caused by Le. donovani in India is considered an anthroponosis, however in East Africa, the role of animals as reservoirs remains unclear. The first part of this thesis demonstrated natural Leishmania infection in wild rodents and bats in Ethiopia. Overall, 8.2% rodents and 4.9% bats were positive for Leishmania spp. Subsequent sequencing revealed that 10% of Leishmania-positive rodents were infected by parasites from Le. donovani complex, on the other hand, no Le. donovani DNA was detected in bats. All Le. donovani-positive rodents were captured in the localities of southwest Ethiopia where human VL cases have been reported and potential sand fly vectors occur. Our findings indicate that rodents are likely to play a role in VL transmission in Ethiopia. During blood feeding, sand flies inoculate into the host skin immunogenic salivary proteins which elicit species specific antibody response. Anti-saliva antibodies could be used as a marker of host exposure to sand flies and, in leishmaniasis endemic areas, also as risk markers of Leishmania infection. In order to find out if the domestic animals (dog, goat, cow, and donkey) from north and northwest Ethiopia...
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Transmission and epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis
Spitzová, Tatiana
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is widespread disease caused by protozoa Leishmania donovani and Leishmania infantum. Human visceral leishmaniasis caused by Le. donovani in India is considered an anthroponosis, however in East Africa, the role of animals as reservoirs remains unclear. The first part of this thesis demonstrated natural Leishmania infection in wild rodents and bats in Ethiopia. Overall, 8.2% rodents and 4.9% bats were positive for Leishmania spp. Subsequent sequencing revealed that 10% of Leishmania-positive rodents were infected by parasites from Le. donovani complex, on the other hand, no Le. donovani DNA was detected in bats. All Le. donovani-positive rodents were captured in the localities of southwest Ethiopia where human VL cases have been reported and potential sand fly vectors occur. Our findings indicate that rodents are likely to play a role in VL transmission in Ethiopia. During blood feeding, sand flies inoculate into the host skin immunogenic salivary proteins which elicit species specific antibody response. Anti-saliva antibodies could be used as a marker of host exposure to sand flies and, in leishmaniasis endemic areas, also as risk markers of Leishmania infection. In order to find out if the domestic animals (dog, goat, cow, and donkey) from north and northwest Ethiopia...
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Vocalization of the common cuckoo chicks: ontogenesis and influence of the host species and acoustic environment
Žabková, Klára ; Honza, Marcel (advisor) ; Linhart, Pavel (referee)
Brood parasitism is a breeding strategy which imposes significant selection pressure upon the host as well as the parasite. Consequently, specific adaptations were formed on both sides. One of the adaptations could be vocal behaviour of brood parasite juveniles. Several conducted studies suggested that juveniles of the common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) adapt the form of their begging calls according to the host species they parasitize on. However, the outcomes of these studies were ambiguous. Therefore one of my tasks was to verify those findings. Two reed warblers - the great reed warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) and the reed warbler (Acrocephalus scirpaceus) - living in sympatry were selected as the hosts. The structure of begging calls of common cuckoo juveniles raised by these two host species did not differ in any of the measured parameters (syllable duration, minimum and maximum frequency, peak frequency, frequency bandwidth and calling rate). On the contrary the structure of begging calls of own host juveniles varied significantly among the individual species. Moreover, a considerable individual variability was detected in both groups of cuckoo juveniles. Recent studies have revealed that juveniles already perceive sound and acquire knowledge of their parents' voices in the process of...
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Research of vertebrate-microbiota relationship using germ-free organisms
Kubovčiak, Jan ; Kreisinger, Jakub (advisor) ; Hájková, Petra (referee)
Germ free (axenic) animals are individuals reared under specific conditions preventing their contact with surrounding microorganisms. Some of the features observed in these individuals vary from those observed in naturally colonized counterparts. These differences probably reflect the influence of presence of a complex intestinal microbial population in the intestine, which influences important physiological functions of the host body by various mechanisms. Thus, nature of these differences allows to study relationship of the host, vertebrate in this case and its microbiota, which evolved into a complicated system of interactions providing relatively stable coexistence. Germ free research of this relationship is focused on interactions between microbiota and host's immune system, metabolism, morphology of digestive tract and behavior. This thesis provides summary of research outcomes on previously mentioned topics. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Comparing misanhropist talk show Jana Krause and philantrhropist talk show Marek Eben's Na plovárně
Kopřivová, Jitka ; Reifová, Irena (advisor) ; Vochocová, Lenka (referee)
The theoretical section of the thesis Comparison of the misanthropic Show Jana Krause and the philanthropic Mark Eben's show Na plovárně aims to characterize the talk show genre both abroad and in the Czech Republic. It briefly outlines the development of the genre and its arrival in the Czech television stations. It also gives a definition of a presenter, describes the ways of communication, construction of the interviews with the guests, their selection, introduces Jan Kraus and Marek Eben and characterises both talk shows - Na Plovárně and Show Jana Krause. The practical section deals with an analysis of production in which interviews with representatives of both production teams are analysed. A qualitative analysis aims to answer the question: "How do the philanthropic and misanthropic concepts of the talk show differ, from the perspective of content and production intentions?" The conclusion contains a summary of the collected data.
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The Cobra Movement in the Context of Art of the 40s and early 50s.
Strasserová, Anna ; Klimešová, Marie (advisor) ; Rakušanová, Marie (referee)
This work deals with the experimental art group Cobra which united artists of three countries - Denmark, Belgium and the Netherlands, after the World War II. Although this movement was active only between the years 1948 and 1951, the beginning of this group can be traced in the pre-war period when the future members of the group were influenced by the mainstream art movements. Similarly, we cannot see the year 1951 as the end of the importance of this international art formation. Despite the short duration, the group united number of artists from different countries who then influenced many of future artists and art movements. This work therefore mentions the activity of Cobra members before the actual establishment of the group, attempts to describe in detail its work during its existence, and lastly, it indicates its further heading. A special chapter is dedicated to the connection of the group Cobra to the Czech art. The artists of Cobra drew their main inspiration from the work of arts of specific groups, such as that of children, mentally ill, so called primitive nations, or from the folk art. Alongside that, the artists created their own unique style based on collective and spontaneous work and liberal art expression. The plurality of their art expression and their relationship to other art...
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Media analysis of Jan Kraus talk show with a focus on reaching
Černý, Jakub ; Šoltys, Otakar (advisor) ; Moravec, Václav (referee)
This bachelor thesis presents an analysis of the communication in the TV program "Show of Jan Kraus". In the theoretical part we define and describe the term "talk show". A list of most popular programs of this type in Czech Republic is given for comparison. This part of the work contains also a chapter on medial dialog as a specific communication situation. We describe here a confrontation style, which is typical for the medial dialog in a talk show, a role of moderator and spectators, social status of the guests and also a question of politeness, which is the mains subject of the communication analysis in this work. The practical part is divided in two chapters. In the first one the show is analysed from the general point of view. We describe its structure, medial presentation, difference to other talk shows, and all its specific features. The second chapter deals with the question of communication, especially the performance of the moderator, Jan Kraus, and his way of discussion with the guests. The thesis investigates many points of a talk performance. The main point is the politeness, or rather impoliteness. The aim of the thesis is to find out, when this happens in the speech of the moderator, and which forms of the impoliteness are mostly used.
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