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Knowledge of substitutes of salt in food
Vaňková, Marie ; Váchová, Alena (advisor) ; Hanušová, Jaroslava (referee)
The diploma thesis deals with the issue of salt and possibility of its replacement in food. The chosen is topical because healthy nutrition is one of current modern trends. Table salt is an entire part of a diet of every person. As the compound of two biogenic elements - sodium and chlorine - it has unsubstitutable function in human body. However, an increased intake of sodium can be associated with health risks, especially hypertension. The World Health Organization recommends a maximum daily intake of salt 5 g. According to current statistics, nevertheless the salt intake in the Czech republic is up to three times higher. Therefore, it is appropriate to reduce the consumption of salt and attempt to its replacement without cutting down the taste of food. One of the goals of this thesis was find out possibilities of replacing the salt and what is their availability. The practical part deals with the results of survey, within these was examined the awareness of salt and the posibility of its replacement among different group of our population (students, pedagogical workers, heads of school canteens). In terms of established facts there was suggested a project called The salt is beneficial and dangerous which aids to raise awareness of students about this topic. These outputs can be put into the...
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Disease and diagnosis of cardiovascular system
Procházka, Marek ; Jelen, Karel (advisor) ; Lopot, František (referee)
Disease and diagnosis of cardiovascular system Abstract In this bachelor's thesis, we are dealing with cardiovascular diagnostic methods and the most common diseases affecting the cardiovascular system. The text briefly introduces the basic diagnostic methods of the cardiovascular system. Furthermore, we focus on the most common heart diseases and possible diagnosis using these methods. Out of these diagnostic methods, we will focus on the CVS method (Classification of cardiovascular system), which is developed by the Institute of Thermomechanics AS CR in cooperation with the Faculty of Physical Education and sport, from which we are expecting in future the prediction of hypertension. This work also serves as a theoretical basis for the future experimental part of the research. Keywords: atherosclerosis, hypertension, diagnostic methods of cardiovascular system, diseases of cardiovascular system, CVS
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Pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic kidney disease progression
Sedláková, Lenka ; Kopkan, Libor (advisor) ; Švandová, Ivana (referee)
The kidneys are an essential organ that maintains the homeostasis of body fluid and ions, it filters metabolites and plays important endocrine role. Renal function is controled by many mechanisms with a close interaction that can work independently without central control. These mechanisms are regulated by both systemic and intrarenal humoral systems and their physiological balance sustains the optimal kidney fuction. Any disturbance of this balance leads to the impairments of renal function and progression of renal injury and thus the kidney works inappropriately. The renal insufficiency and diseases remain significant problem despite modern medicine. This is results of several risk factors such as age, genetic predisposition and low birth weight, increase of civilization diseases - diabetes, hypertension, autoimmune disorders, but also bad habits such as unhealthy lifestyle, smoking etc. These factors can lead to the acute or chronic kidney diseases often without known cause. Than the question is an early diagnosis and optimal treatment to preserve kidney function and stop the progression of terminal renal damage. This thesis should show the importance of kidney function and outline problems and consequences of renal insufficiency particularly during chronic kidney disease. Keywords: Renal...
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Physiological and pathophysiological aspects of hydrogen sulfide metabolism in humans
Neminářová, Kristýna ; Kožich, Viktor (advisor) ; Tolde, Ondřej (referee)
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), known as a toxic gas for a long time, was recently shown to be an important signaling molecule. Hydrogen sulfide is produced in small concentration in organism and exhibits a physiological role in many tissues (brain, blood vessels, lungs). Hydrogen sulfide is mostly formed enzymatically from L-cysteine by two enzymes - cystathionin β-synthase (CBS, EC 4.2.1.22, L- serine hydro-lyase) occurring especially in the brain and cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE, EC 4.4.1.1, L- cystathionine cysteine-lyase) generating hydrogen sulfide mainly in the small intestine, portal vein and thoracic aorta. In vessels hydrogen sulfide acts as a vasorelaxant factor and reduces blood pressure while in the brain it is involved in neuronal transmission. In addition to these effects, hydrogen sulfide plays a role in inflammatory processes as well as in the transmission of pain. Hydrogen sulfide acts through activation of KATP channel (in blood vessels, digestive tract, and in inflammation), activation of NMDA receptors (brain), reduces molecules causing oxidative stress (lungs, brain) and affects influx of Ca2+ ions into the cells (retina). Based on these findings it is apparent that the modulations of metabolism of hydrogen sulfide may have a therapeutic potential, e.g. in vascular disease or in...
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Sleep-dicordered Breathing at Risk Pregnancies
Hudecová, Jana ; Slouka, David (advisor) ; Slípka, Jaroslav (referee) ; Měchurová, Alena (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to highlight the severity of sleep-disordered breathing at risk pregnancies, as these disorders have a high share on the occurrence of cardiovascular problems at a later age. In the group of high-risk pregnant patients, breathing disorders in sleep lead to higher morbidity of patient as well as newborns. Currently, there are increasing risk factors in the population of pregnant women. Risk factors for the development of OSAS, which are examined in detail in this thesis in pregnant women, include BMI, age, pregestational and gestational hypertension and diabetes mellitus. The theoretical part of the thesis contains the findings of the risk pregnancies. The most serious unit is preeclampsia. For that reason, the greatest attention within high- risk pregnancies is aimed to the incidency, ethiopathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of preeclampsia. Furthermore, the theoretical part includes findings related to sleep- disordered breathing and focuses on OSAS and its health complications. In the special part of the thesis, there is an assessment of results regarding risk pregnant women with the presence of OSAS and without present OSAS. Keywords Preeclampsia, hypertension, OSAS, pregnancy, risk factors
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Novel Approaches To Protect The Heart Against Postischemic Failure
Hrdlička, Jaroslav ; Papoušek, František (advisor) ; Zicha, Josef (referee) ; Vízek, Martin (referee)
Ischemic heart disease and resulting heart failure (HF) belong to the leading causes of death in developed countries. In order to prevent HF and improve clinical outcome in patients with myocardial infarction, novel therapies are required to protect the heart against the detrimental effect of ischemic injury. Due to the failure to translate numerous available experimental cardioprotective strategies into clinical practice, the need for novel protective treatments persists. We have, therefore, tried to apply a novel approach to cardiac protection against the postischemic HF induced in rats by ligation of the coronary artery. For this purpose, we have studied (i) the preventive and therapeutic effects of adaptation to continuous normobaric hypoxia (CNH; 12% O2) and exercise training (ExT; treadmill running), and (ii) the possible cardioprotective potential of epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET)-based therapy in order to attenuate the postischemic HF in rats. Adaptation to CNH and ExT is known for their cardioprotection in acute ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury manifested as reduction of infarct size. EETs exert antihypertensive effects and thus seem to be perspective for the research in clinically relevant models of cardioprotection in hypertensive animals. Our results have revealed that: - CNH prior to...
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Functional genomic and pharmacogenomic analysis of metabolic syndrome aspects
Krupková, Michaela ; Šeda, Ondřej (advisor) ; Haluzík, Martin (referee) ; Polák, Jan (referee)
Metabolic syndrome is a prevalent disease characterized by concurrent manifestation of insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension and other hemodynamic and metabolic disorders. It has multifactorial type of inheritance and its resultant phenotype is determined by both environmental and genetic factors as well as their interactions. That is the main reason why comprehensive analysis of the genetic component of this syndrome is complicated in human population. Genetically designed experimental animal models are significant tools for analysis of genetic architecture of human complex conditions including the metabolic syndrome. The aim of this Thesis is utilization of functional and comparative genomic tools to uncover pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome aspects and their genetic determinants. We also studied pharmacogenetic interactions of these genetic determinants with drugs affecting particular components of the metabolic syndrome. Establishing and utilizing several genetically designed congenic rat strains, we undertook four different research projects focusing on pharmacogenetic interaction of all-trans retinoic acid and ondansetron with differential segment of rat chromosome 8, pharmacogenetic interaction of differential segment of rat chromosome 4 and dexamethasone, determining Plzf...
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Applications of chiral and achiral chromatography in pharmacology and toxicology
Chytil, Lukáš ; Slanař, Ondřej (advisor) ; Bultas, Jan (referee) ; Coufal, Pavel (referee)
Development and validation of methods for analysis of several drugs or their metabolites are decribed in this thesis. The document is presented as a commentary to the original papers, which were published in peer reviewed journals. Discussion on the optimization of each method is presented and covers also method development and influence of preanalytical aspects. Additionally, examples of the application of the developed methods in clinical pharmacology and toxicology are shown. This dissertation consists of three parts: enantiomeric determination of tramadol and its metabolite, determination of some antihypertensive drugs, and qualitative analysis of benzodiazepines. Development of a method for chiral analysis of tramadol and its desmethylated metabolite O- desmethyltramadol (ODT) in human urine and plasma is described in the first part of the thesis. Tramadol is a centrally acting analgetic drug, which is used as racemate in clinical practise. Each enantiomer displays different binding properties for various receptors: (+)-tramadol preferentially inhibits serotonin reuptake while (-)-tramadol mainly inhibits noradrenalin reuptake. (+)-tramadol is considered 10-times more potent than (-)-tramadol. Major active metabolite (ODT), which is considered to be the main agent responsible for the...
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