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Transplatantion and ethics - general awareness (preliminary survey)
FARKAŠOVÁ, Markéta
This bachelor's thesis deals with the ethical issues of transplantation and its awareness by the general public. The theoretical part of the thesis is focused on the description of the most common ethical issues of transplantation. In modern era the transplantation of tissues and organs is generally seen as positive and emphasized clinical method, but still there are some certain ethical dilemmas. The very problem is the fact that this topic is only few communicated in the public and the citizens, speaking about the specific situation in the Czech Republic, have in certain parts the mistaken awareness of the function of the transplantation system "Opting out" which presumes the posthumous agreement with taking of tissues and organs after the death of the patient. The aim of the bachelor's thesis is to find out first what ethical aspects of transplantations are identified by the experts and whether according to their awareness the general publics have the interest in transplantations. Subsequently, the pre-research survey questions collect whether the answers from the citizens correspond with the answers of the expert representatives and also whether the respondents consider the current system in the Czech Republic as functional and ethically acceptable. Based on the described objectives the primarily qualitative research was chosen, managed by interviewing technique and semi-structured interviews with medical transplantologist, medical lawyer and bioethicist. From these interviews the important ethical aspects were analyzed from which further survey questions that have been tested on a sample of 130 respondents were prepared. The processed survey is the result of the bachelor's thesis and serves only as a pre-research of the pilot study. The results of interviews point to an existence of certain ethical issues connected with transplantations. Subsequently created and validated survey reflects the awareness of Czech Republic citizens of selected topic. Despite the fact that collected data from survey answers are considered as a guide and in fact indicative, some of the registered data is surprising. Among these belongs also e.g. the absolute majority of most respondent conviction of the possibility of illegal trade with organs in the Czech Republic. Other points of interest include the slightest awareness of such citizens who do not want to be donors upon their death. The positive result can be the fact that most of the surveyed respondents wish and agree with posthumous collection of their tissues and organs. Immediately we do learn that about the half of respondents is not well familiarized with currently working system of transplantations in the Czech Republic that assumes the agreement with posthumous collection of tissues and organs. Based on these findings, this created survey with specific slight changes, can be used in the future for quantitative more detailed investigation focused on the mentioned respondents according to pre-research results.
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Effectiveness evaluation of countermeasures adopted after the Chernobyl accident
ROTREKLOVÁ, Tereza
The utilisation of nuclear energy entails, like any other human activity, risk of occurrence of accidents and emergencies. On Saturday 26th April 1986 early morning in the fourth block of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine occurred the biggest industrial accident in the peace usage of nuclear energy. It led to a vast leakage of radioactive debris to the wide surrounding area. An accident of such extent has never been thought possible before and it has surprised national authorities responsible for emergency preparedness practically in all counties operating nuclear power plants. It was crucial to prepare and introduce many countermeasures to restrict exposure of persons and environment to radiation. The most affected countries have been today{\crq}s Byelorussia, Russia and Ukraine. Although international instructions and criteria for failure actions had existed even before the Chernobyl accident, the experience with their application was very limited. Needless to say, some short-term countermeasures had been neglected or insufficiently realised. Inhabitants were not informed about the accident in time and therefore they hid late. Also iodine prophylaxis did not start in time, which led to unnecessarily high irradiation of thyroid gland. The evacuation was, in view of decreasing external exposure, executed within possibilities efficiently. As for the long-term countermeasures related not only to the liquidation of the aftermath of the accident in the area of the nuclear power plant but especially the decontamination works in residential units and on contaminated soils, regulation of food chains and relocation of persons from the affected areas, preventive and health care of the inhabitants living in the contaminated territory - these measures were massive in scope and in principle mostly reasoned and effective. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of some of these measures was somewhat deteriorated by the fact they were introduced area-wide (only on the basis of the surface contamination and not on the estimation of exposure from whole-body measurements), were not fully substantiated and later had to by cancelled for economical reasons. Not only economical factors play an important role in the planning and application of the countermeasures (mainly long-term ones). Without question it is necessary to secure that the measures can be applied in the contaminated areas in view of their effectiveness in sufficient extent for time long enough and after a thorough evaluation of all pros and cons, expenses and gains. As well, it is needed to take into consideration the effect of social and psychological factors, where in practise a satisfactory progress has not been made yet. Many studies proved that the introduction of countermeasures affects the increase of psychosocial tension among the involved people. This negative attitude results from the public{\crq}s lack of information about radiation and about the possibilities of its reduction and consequent fear and anxiety due to the uncertainty regarding future. Because of the concealment of information about the Chernobyl accident, also distrust of citizens against authorities has remained to be a problem. However, the approach of public is very important in regard to the effectiveness of countermeasures. In order that the measures would be accepted as well as possible, it is needed to secure corresponding education programs and to engage public into discussions and decision-making within the introduced measures.
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The *.eu domain and the protection of third persons' rights
Blažek, Jiří ; Dobřichovský, Tomáš (advisor) ; Císařová, Zuzana (referee)
Rozvoj internetu, jako fenoménu konce 20. století, sebou přináší mnohé otazníky a výzvy, jak technické, tak právní, na které je mnohdy třeba odpovídat a řešit je bezprostředně poté, kdy vyvstanou. Postupem času toto "kybernetické" prostředí přestalo být ryze vědeckou záležitostí a začalo se, čím dál více, komercionalizovat. Právě spolu se zvyšujícím se využíváním internetu jako virtuálního tržiště, se začaly objevovat problémy, na které bylo potřeba adekvátně reagovat. S velikým zjednodušením lze pojmenovat dva stěžejní okruhy problémů, se kterými se "provozovatelé" internetu v současnosti především potýkají, a těmi jsou zabezpečení dostatečného počtu "internetových adres" a vypořádání se s neduhy, které registraci těchto "adres" provázejí. Těmito jsou především spekulativní registrace doménových jmen, když tyto zcela oprávněně vyvolávají reakce subjektů, které se takovou registrací cítí poškozeny. Životní cyklus doménových jmen, tedy proces počínající jejich registrací a případně končící zrušením takové registrace, popř. diskvalifikace doménového jména z možnosti jeho další registrace, je upraven zejména tzv. soft law - tedy pravidly vydávanými jednotlivými správci TLD. K hlavním znakům této oblasti lidské činnosti patří až minimalistická úprava zákony jednotlivých států (tedy řečí oboru teorie práva,...
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Tamoxifen, present and future
Vrba, Jiří ; Bendová, Marie (advisor)
Objective of the study This study deals with contemporary (year 2005) role of tamoxifen in the breast cancer hormonal therapy, in the medical environment of Czech Republic. The aim of this study is to evaluate, whether the tamoxifen treatment is sufficient, in case we have opportunity to use more convenient drugs (aromatase inhibitors and pure anti-estrogens). Project I have analysed the tamoxifen treatment of patients, suffering from breast cancer (with diagnosis C50), registered in FNKV oncology clinic registry (Fakultní nemocnice Královské Vinohrady) in the year 1998, 1999 and 2000. Patients I observed 736 patients with diagnosis C50. Out of these patients, I finally selected and further analysed group of 243 patients that corresponded with the given conditions of this study. Most important observed parameters and results One of the main goals was to determine the share of patients, which were being treated with tamoxifen for the whole period of 5 years without any serious complications. This share was 45,7% of 243 patients. Further I observed the patients, whose tamoxifen based therapy was further replaced by, so called, modern drugs treatment; like inhibitors of aromatase and pure anti-estrogens. The reasons for this change were serious side effects of tamoxifen or the progression of the disease. These...
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The Use of Stories when working with Children
Nováková, Lenka ; Marušák, Radek (referee) ; Pokorná, Věra (advisor)
V teoretické části jsem se zabývala tím, proč na děti tak mocně působí poh y mají příběhy obecně v životě člověka takový význam. Dále jsem představila několik p g pro děti, které na silném vlivu příběhů stavějí. Hlavní jednotící linií mého zamyšlení nad emi programy byla míra a způsob zapojení dětí do děje příběhu. K přesnějšímu nalezeni ro e e vztahu k příběhu a k porozumění tomu, co vlastně tato role obnasi, mi posloužila teorie příběhu. . V souvislosti s těmito tématy jsem opakovaně zdůrazňovala otázku zřdpov^ ^ zodpovědnosti za svůj příběh. Poukázala jsem na to, jak podstatnou roli j v lidském životě a jak k jejímu rozvoji mohou přispívat pohádky a pribehy vůbec. Uve a j Aristotelovu myšlenku, podle které je příběh nápodobou jednání a teorie některý ji dále rozvíjejí. Ricoeur upozorňuje na to, že příběh poskytuje člověku určitý odstup od re ty ^ zavedeného způsobu nazírání na ni. Zároveň má příběh stejnou strukturu jak " tak, jak jsme zvyklí ji vnímat. Poskytuje nám tak prostor pro získání urč'tý zkušeností mimo naši bezprostřední realitu a umožňuje uplatnit je v našem každo Mezi takové zkušenosti patří právě zkušenost s vedením vlastního příběhu a zo p něj. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Possibilities of development of graphomotor skills and beginning writing on integrated children with cerebral palsy
Tomášková, Hana ; Hájková, Vanda (advisor) ; Strnadová, Iva (referee)
These graduation theses dissert on possibilities of development of graphomotorical skills and beginning writing on integrated children with cerebral palsy. Theoretical part of the graduation theses are focused in questions about cerebral palsy in connection with process o f education. The main attention is given over to area of graphomotoric. The references to specific difficulties of these children in process of education are made and supportive actions with cancelling effect for the problems are proposed. Also the information about theme of specially-education diagnostics and about possibilities for support of graphomotorical ability by using method of stimulation and facility assistance is gathered. Part of graduation theses is comprehensive and systematic procedure o f beginning writing. The case studies present practical demonstration o f progress in graphomotorical skills of children with cerebral palsy at environment o f com m on school. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Professional career of the woman
Knotová, Rudolfína ; Růžanská, Hana (referee) ; Kocianová, Renata (advisor)
The target of this bachelor thesis is to sketch out the puzzle around the professional career of a woman from several points of view. The first chapter is focused on professional career as such. It informs the reader, among other things, about the stages, which does man go through during his professional life or the most widely known teories of professional career. It then introduces ways of how do organisations take part in development of professional career of an employee. The second chapter engages in legislative anchorage in both national and international field. The third chapter attends professional career of a woman throghout history, but also at present-day situation. Alongside it this thesis deals with facts that distinguish the career of a woman from the career of a man. The last fourth chapter outline the puzzle of harmonisation of a professional and family life, because this area distinctively influences the situation of women on the labour market.
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The tax audit from the perspective of the fundamental tax administration principles
Špírková, Taťána ; Marková, Hana (advisor) ; Kohajda, Michael (referee) ; Radvan, Michal (referee)
The tax audit can be defined as one of the practices of the tax authorities modified by Act No. 280/2009 Coll., the Tax Code. The aim of the tax audit corresponds with the basic aim of the tax administration, which is primarily to establish correctly a tax assessment. This dissertation is focused on the tax audit from the perspective of the fundamental tax administration principles. The presented dissertation is divided into nine chapters, most of which are further subdivided. The first chapter is focused on the determination of the tax audit. In the second chapter, the attention is paid to the constitutional principles controlling the tax audit, mainly to selected regulations of the Constitution and the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms. The following third chapter is focused on the isuue of good governance principles. The fourth chapter deals with the fundamental principles of tax administration, as expressed in the Tax Code in §5 - §9. These principles are specified as a basis for the next part of the work. Chapters five to eight are dedicated to the tax audit, which is divided into the beginning of the tax audit, the tax rights and responsibilities during the tax audit, the progress of the tax audit and the final chapter is focused on completion of the tax audit. The last chapter is...
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Mortgage Loans and Methods of Their Financing in the Czech Republic
Vaněk, Ladislav ; Brada, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Kováč, Michal (referee)
This bachelor thesis deals with mortgage loans in the Czech Republic. Its goal is to characterize the mortgage loan, include it among banking products and outline the perspective of a client, a bank and a regulator. Other goals include analysis of the mortgage market development and selected influencing determinants. The first chapter describes the progress of mortgage lending especially on development in the Czech Republic from 1990 to the present. The following chapter includes the theoretical definition of the mortgage loan, explaining its significance and inclusion in the system of banking products. There is an example of rescheduling with tables - explaining the influence of the interest rate and the repayment period on the total cost of the mortgage loan. The third chapter deals with the financing of the mortgage loan from the bank point of view, focusing on mortgage bonds. The last chapter focuses on performance determinants influencing the evolution of the mortgage market. Subsequently, an econometric model is used to study their impact on the development of the mortgage market.
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Experimental System for Shadowing Algorithms
Skupien, David ; Krajíček, Václav (referee) ; Kmoch, Petr (advisor)
From the advent of computer graphics is rendering of cast shadows one of the basic methods to evoke an atmosphere and give an observer a realistic impression. It has been a very difficult task solved by specialized machines in the order of minutes not only in the past but also in the present. However, thanks to rapid progress of dedicated graphics hardware, it is easy now to master it even for interactive graphics. It has moved from simple geometric excuses on planar receivers to convincing shadow imitations. The aim of this thesis is to develop a graphical environment capable of comparing visual and efficiency properties of different methods specialized for shadow casting and subsequently implement some of them. Two algorithms have been chosen. The first one is a simple algorithm specialized for rendering shadows on planar receivers, the second one is an advanced algorithm called shadow volumes. Both are implemented in a basic and enhanced version and capable of achieving rates from tens to thousands of FPS.
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