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Influence of Cholestatic Liver Injury on the Elimination and Transport of Drugs
Brčáková, Eva ; Štaud, František (advisor) ; Tilšer, Ivan (referee) ; Lotková, Halka (referee)
The liver is a unique organ with a number of vital functions. Pivotal one is its participation on bile formation and secretion, import, detoxification and excretion of endogenous substances and xenobiotics. Bile formation is essential for both absorption of lipids in intestine and excretion of various endogenous compounds and xenobiotics (e.g. bile acids, bilirubin, cholesterol, phospholipids and drugs). This function is markedly impaired during extrahepatic and intrahepatic cholestasis with partial or complete stoppage of bile flow. Consequently, hepatic and further systemic accumulation of toxic biliary constituents, such as bile acids and bilirubin, occurs. In an effort to compensate this situation, spontaneous anti-cholestatic mechanisms are activated, which provide alternative excretory routes for toxic accumulating compounds (e.g. renal elimination of bile acids and xenobiotics into urine). These mechanisms include changes in the expression, localization and function of respective transporters in liver and kidneys. Another mechanism with a significant impact on bile formation and transport of compounds between bile and blood is blood-biliary barrier formed by connection of hepatocytes by "tight-junctions" and "gap-junctions". While "gap-junctions" exchange substances among cells,...
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Preparation of hyaluronan oligosaccharides with N-acetylglucosamine at both ends of the chain using enzymatic catalysis
Gadová, Martina ; Hermannová,, Martina (referee) ; Šílová, Tereza (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with preparation of odd-numbered hyaluronan oligosaccharides with N-acetylglucosamine at both ends of the chain using enzymatic catalysis by -Glucuronidase. The theoretical part focuses on present knowledge of hyaluronic acid and it fragments. It focuses on properties, enzymatic hydrolysis, application in different branches of science, but also analysis of oligosaccharides. One chapter is devoted to properties of enzyme -Glucuronidase. The experimental part deals with preparation of oligosaccharides type HANN. The reaction conditions for preparation of HA oligosacharides were optimized (pH, temperature) and the progress of enzymatic hydrolysis and the mixture composition after digestion were monitored by method UHPLC.. After optimization the mixture of oligosaccharides HANN was prepared and consenquently it was analysed by methods UHPLC and LC-MS. All the data were acquired in company Contipro Pharma, a.s., Dolní Dobrouč, Czech republic.
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Analysis of selected natural compounds by modern separation methods
Citová, Ivana ; Solich, Petr (advisor) ; Ševčík, Juraj (referee) ; Karlíček, Rolf (referee)
7 Summary The presented dissertation thesis deals with an extensive topic of natural compounds analysis by the means of modern separation techniques described from different points of view. Firstly, theoretical information about studied natural compounds (mainly antioxidants) has been summarized including characterization of the mechanism of free radicals formation and development of oxidative stress in human organism. Furthermore, the function of antioxidants and key roles of antioxidant therapy have also been discussed. Within the analyzed antioxidants, biological and physicochemical properties of phenolic acids, vitamins A and E and polyunsaturated fatty acids are described. Concurrently, known and published analytical procedures applied on each group of compounds are summarized. Besides antioxidants, content substances of yellow gentian (dried roots of Gentiana lutea) have been analyzed. Information about gentian pharmacological action, its practical utilization in therapy and ways of analytical determination represents the last chapter of theoretical part dealing with the studied compounds. The second point of view comprises characterization of individual separation techniques used in the thesis. Basic principles of gas chromatography (GC), solid phase microextraction connected to GC (SPME-GC), Ultra...
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Determination of methotrexate and 7-hydroxymethotrexate by HPLC and correlation with imunochemical determination of total methotrexate
Suchánska, Iveta ; Dršata, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Kukačka, Jiří (referee)
The aim of this work was to verify the correlation at determination of methotrexate by high performance liquid chromatography and imunochemically determination of whole methotrexate. Methotrexate belongs to the chemotherapeutic agent commonly used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Methotrexate was determined chromatographicly with UV detection at 303 nm after deproteinization with trichloracetic acid. Fluorescence polarization immunoassays of methotrexate was measured on TDx FLx analyzer. The data obtained were analyzed utilizing the PrismGraph Pad 5.0 software. The methotrexate measurements were evaluted employing nonparametric paired t-test (p-value <0,05). Our data indicate good correlation between methotrexate levels > 1 μmol/l determined by high performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence polarization immunoassays. While the concentration of methotrexate < 1 μmol/l measured by fluorescence polarization immunoassays were overestimated. This could be done because of cross reactivity with metabolites 7-hydroxymethotrexate and 2,4-diamino-N10 -methylpteroic acid. These metabolites could influence the determination of methotrexate, because of the close stuctural similarities.
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Length and weight growth of early pikeperch fry fed with enriched artemia nauplii in experimental conditions
JANKOVÝCH, Antonín
The aim of our experiment was proving the suitability and effectivity of artemia nauplii enrichment in pikeperch fry rearing. 24 hour enrichment took place in 3 variants: 1. SELCO, 2. 18 (n-3) (alfa-linolenic acid) and 3. 18 (n-3) + vitamin C. Original intention was initializing fry feeding with different types of enriched artemia metanauplii. Due to excessive size of artemia after 1 day enrichment (Artemia franciscana) (in comparison with size of fry oral cavity) the intake of such food was not possible, thus the metodics had to be modified. From the given reason, fish were initially fed with unenriched nauplii ; firstly with dose 100 ml (4 - 8 day post hatch - dph) after that with dose 50 ml per tank (9. dph 25.4.). As soon as fry reached suitable size and was able to intake bigger size of nauplii, was in the second part feeding diferenciated (use of different types of enrichment and control group was fed with unenriched artemia). First part of experiment lasted 22 days (5.4. - 26.4.), fish must have been netted and again placed in tanks for experiment with enriched artemia. Second part of rearing varied in use of differently enriched metanauplii and lasted 8 days (27.4. - 4.5.). At the end of second part of feeding (from 1.5.) was involved co-feeding, which means combined feeding (living food and starter feed). 5.5. was experiment terminated. The highest survival was reached in group fed with artemia enriched in comercial preparate SELCO (28,67 %), second highest survival was reached in group fed metanauplii enriched in alfa-linolenic acid (27,88 %) and third highest survival was reached in group fed with alfa-linolenic acid and vitamin C enriched metanauplii (19,00 %). The highest individual fry weight at the end of experiment was reached in group fed with artemia enriched in alfa-linolenic acid and vitamin C : 306,16 +- 64,27 mg, the lowest individual weight was reached in control group : 216,9 +- 39,96 mg. The highest average total lenght (l.t.) was measured in SELCO group 30,13 +- 2,47 mm, the lowest total lenght reached fish in control group 27,37 +- 1,32 mm. In group fed with artemia enriched in vitamin C was noticed the highest percentage of starter feed intake (8 %), but simultaneously in the same group was reached the highest rate of cannibalism (6 %).
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Influence of different lengths and vinification yeast strains on the subsequent conduct of malolactic fermentation
Hornáková, Ľubomíra ; Orsák, Matyáš (advisor) ; Hnilička, František (referee)
The topic of this bachelor thesis is to determine individual organic acids, specifically tartaric, malic and lactic acids in grape must after a final fermentation using high performance liquid chromatography. The reason behind examining the levels of organic acids are various microbiological conditions of fermenting musts with the subsequent influence on the sensoric quality of the resulting wines. In the theoretical section we describe the technological processing of grapes during wine making, characterize the anatomical and chemical structure of the used grapevine, grape microbiota and its influence on the process of organic acid transformations. Separate chapters are dedicated to specific species of the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Torulaspora delbrueckii and bacteria Oenococcus oeni for their fundamental place in the fermentation process. The influence of this microbiota is evaluated in the practical section, where the records of individual inoculations are noted and the fermented musts are analyzed using the separational method of high performance liquid chromatography. The levels of organic acids and the length of fermentation gives evidence of the influence of the participating microbiota on the length of wineification and the physico-chemical parameters of fermentation. For the general assesment of efficiency of the used microbiota on individual fermentatated musts, a sensoric evaluation of samples is conducted.
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Zhodnocení vlivu použitého krmiva na produkční ukazatele v systému intenzivního chovu lososovitých ryb
Ošanec, Miroslav
The objective of this diploma thesis was to evaluate the production efficiency of selected production feeding mixtures in the system of intensive salmonid farming. The testing was made in the recirculation system of the Danish type in Pravíkov (BioFish s.r.o.). There were the feeding mixtures EFIC Enviro 920 produced by Biomar and Aller gold produced by Aqua Aller used in trials. Production efficiency of the feeding was tested on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in two separate time periods (18. 4. -- 3. 7. 2013; 3. 7. -- 28. 8. 2013) and in one comprehensive period (18. 4 -- 28. 8. 2013). Longitudinal and weight parameters, fitness, exterieur and production parameters (FCR, SGR, etc.) were monitored at the beginning and end of the tests, the biochemical compound of tissues and the fatty acids spectrum in muscle were determined and in the end an economic evaluation was made. In the first test period Aller gold feeding achieved better production results in both SiSav (FCR = 1,3; SGR = 0,86 %.d-1) and in Pd (FCR = 1,26; SGR = 0,72 %.d-1). In the second test period EFICO Enviro 920 feeding achieved better production results in both SiSav (FCR = 1,3; SGR = 0,86 %.d-1) and in Pd. In the overall test EFICO Enviro 920 feeding achieved better production results in SiSav (FCR = 1,73; SGR = 0,75 %.d-1) and Aller gold feeding achieved better results in Pd (FCR = 2,77; SGR = 0,45 %.d-1). During the tests there were large fish losses in the tanks that significantly affected the results. According to the production results Aller gold feeding suited the SiSav better and EFICO Enviro 920 suited the Pd better.
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Carbocyclic analogues of nucleosides containing substituted bicyclic systems.
Šála, Michal ; Hřebabecký, Hubert (advisor) ; Černý, Miloslav (referee) ; Moravcová, Jitka (referee)
Charles University in Prague Faculty of Science Department of Organic and Nuclear Chemistry Carbocyclic analogues of nucleosides containing substituted bicyclic systems Michal Šála Ph.D. Thesis Abstract Prague 2010 Introduction Nucleoside and nucleotide analogues are of fundamental importance for all organisms. Therefore, nucleoside analogues are interesting target for drug discovery and development, mainly as potential antiviral and antitumor agents. A crucial disadvantage of natural nucleosides analogues is cleavage of the N-glycosidic bond by phosphorylases. Modification which increases resistance against enzymatic degradation is substitution of the sugar moiety furanose ring by a hydrocarbon ring. Many of such modified analogues - carbocyclic nucleosides1 - exhibit interesting antiviral activity. Several analogues containing conformationally locked bicyclic systems were also synthesized. Well known are carbocylic nucleosides with a fused cyclopropane moiety2 (bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane). Recently, novel conformationally locked carbocyclic nucleosides based on 2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane ring system were described3 (as precursors for carbocyclic locked nucleic acids). This thesis concerns the synthesis of biologically active compounds related to the carbocyclic nucleoside analogues. First part of the work is...
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Monitoring of the backfat oxidative stability in relation to the source of unsaturated fatty acids in the feeding ration
Bezděková, Pavla ; Okrouhlá, Monika (advisor) ; Michaela, Michaela (referee)
Summary
Pork is composed of 46 - 49 % of monounsaturated fatty acids, 40 % saturated fatty acids and 8 - 12 % of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The composition of fatty acids affects the strength of the tissues, their shelf life and quality (mainly taste). The development of fat tissues is characterized by hyperplasia and hypertrophy of fat cells. The quality of the adipose tissue associated with fatty acids.
Monitored was 72 animals (36 of these pigs and 36 gilts). Pigs were divided into 2 experimental groups with 4 % addition of oil (rapeseed, soybean) and one control group, which was without the addition of oil. The animals were fed ad libitum complete feed mixtures, and for the whole period of fattening. In the control and experimental groups were used to compound feed for before fattening (P1) and fattening (P2). The pigs, which were in the experimental groups, was added to the feed mixture P2 oil (rapeseed or soybean), and 6 weeks before slaughter. In each group was assessed in 6 animals. Sampling was conducted from the backfat samples were homogenized and subjected to chemical analysis for the determination of fatty acids and oxidative stability.
From the measurement results, it was found that rapeseed oil contained a fatty acids SFA, MUFA, n-3 PUFAs and higher ratios of S/P, M/P. Compared to the soybean oil contained more PUFA, n-6 PUFA, n-6/n-3 and M/P. In gilts was higher proportion of SFA in the fat of soybean oil and pigs to have more SFA from the oil of rapeseed.
Oxidative stability of backfat increased tendences. Pigs had a higher oxidative stability of the fat in rapeseed oil compared to soybean, and gilts had higher values of oxidative stability of the fat in soybean oil. The measured values in the control group were lower in the oxidative stability of 0 compared to oils (rapeseed, soybean), but in the oxidative stability of 3 and 5 days were the highest.
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Photochemical formation of the low-molecular-weight organic acids
KOVAŘÍKOVÁ, Michaela
This thesis deals with photochemical decomposition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in surface waters. Intermediate products were identified using HPLC separation technique and the kinetics of formation and decomposition was modeled in a system unaffected by the presence of bacteria. The influence of various factors such as pH and age of DOM was tested.
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