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Heterogeneity of expression of virulence factors of Salmonella.
Mathéová, Paulína ; Černý, Ondřej (advisor) ; Lichá, Irena (referee)
The emergence of phenotypically heterogeneous individuals within an isogenic bacterial population is considered to be an important adaptation to the host environment. It allows survival of some bacterial subpopulations under diverse stress conditions caused by the host immune system, the emergence of a "division of labor" and cooperation between individual bacteria. Bacteria of the genus Salmonella are important pathogens in humans and livestock. Many of the key virulence factors of Salmonella are heterogeneously expressed. The phenotypic diversity of individual bacteria allows certain individuals to escape the host's immune system and ensure that the gene pool is preserved to future generations. In case when change in conditions causes complete extinction of part of the Salmonella population from the environment, the remaining individuals are able to restore the size of the population and phenotypic diversity, after overcoming unfavourable conditions. This work summarises the knowledge about heterogeneity of expression of virulence factors of Salmonella and the characteristics of individual subpopulations in different environmental conditions. Keywords: Salmonella, heterogeneity, virulence factors, bet-hedging, division-of-labor, bacterial subpopulations.
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The CSSD crisis in 2013-2018
Kusbach, Ondřej ; Perottino, Michel (advisor) ; Stauber, Jakub (referee)
In the past, the Czech social democratic party was one of the most successful political formations in the Czech Republic, however, since 2013 the party is dealing with a loss of electoral support and will face the challenge of staying in the Chamber of Deputies in the upcoming years. This diploma thesis is focused on the course of events in the party during the years 2013-2018 and examines the causes of why did a party, which used to get 30% of votes and used to dominate the regional political level, got into both electoral and intra-party crisis. The first chapter of the thesis describes four main theoretical concepts, which are used for analysis of the party processes. Subsequently, the thesis is divided into two analytical chapters. The first one concerns the events, which the party went through during the selected five year period. Its content is a factual description, which is accompanied by a closer look on intra-party disputes and on the development of party electoral support. Intra-party disputes are analyzed from a media point of view with an emphasis on how the media reflected them, and the development of party electoral support is analyzed within the framework of selected time periods with regard to the impact of intra-party disputes. The second analytical chapter addresses selected...
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An Image of War in Georges Bataille's Conceptions
Zítko, Jakub ; Fulka, Josef (advisor) ; Váša, Ondřej (referee)
The war represents one of the most conspicuous manifestations of the overabundance of energy that Georges Bataille has been theorizing as part of his theory of general economics. On the background of this facts, work seeks to define war as an inherently non-utilitarian expenditure of energy with which the human must necessarily contend. Next, the work attempts to question the common denominators of the excessive moments that war undoubtedly belongs to, and to point out their importance in philosophy of Bataille. The sovereignty that accompanies such moments will be further themed, bearing in mind the specificity that the author devotes to it, which breaks out of dialectical necessity. Keywords: Georges Bataille, sovereignty, accursed share, heterogeneity, self-consciousness, critique of utilitarity, war
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Forms of internal differentiation and their application in the textbook set Berliner Platz Neu 1
Kolbabová, Martina ; Poimer, Christiane (advisor) ; Švermová, Dagmar (referee)
The diploma thesis Forms of internal differentiation and their application in the textbook set Berliner Platz Neu 1 deals with internal differentiation in the chosen textbook set for German as a foreign language. The thesis is devided into a theoretical and a practical part. In the theoretical part, attention is given to the importance of internal differentiation as one of the possible solution to the heterogeneity in the classroom. The thesis focuses on four main forms of internal differentiation - the methodological, social, methodical and work- organizational differentiation. Each form is further divided into subcategories which are described in details. The practical part is devoted to the actual research. Firstly, it presents theoretically the textbook set Berliner Platz Neu 1, its authors and its parts. The textbook set consist of a textbook combined with an exercise book, an additional exercise book, a teśt book and a teacher's book. The textbook set is analysed according to given criteria for didactic and social differentiation. The thesis highlights these activities in the textbook that are suitable for differentiation and comments on the possibility of further differentiation. The aim of the thesis was to find out whether and how the selected textbook set Berliner Platz Neu 1 work with...
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Characteristic of chromosomal changes in nephroblastomas using SNP array and MLPA
Štolová, Lucie ; Vícha, Aleš (advisor) ; Daňková, Pavlína (referee)
Nephroblastoma is the most prevalent pediatric kidney tumor, which occurs primarily in younger children with the average age at diagnosis of 42,5 months for girls and 36,5 months for boys. Even though its treatment is currently very succesful and the overall survival rate reaches over 90 %, there are still more things to be discovered and improved. An important role for the right choice of treatment plays not only the histology of tumor, but also the chromosomal changes present at tumor. Some of them (for example 1q gain, simultaneous deletion of 1p and 16q, TP53 deletion) were confirmed as negative prognostic markers because they are associated with an increased risk of relapse or with anaplastic type of nephroblastoma that is included in a high risk group. These changes are therefore used together with the tumor histology for stratification of nephroblastomas. Some of these changes were found in a heterogeneous state (only in a part of the cells) in nephroblastoma, which also complicates the treatment of the patient and which cannot be solved when only one sample is taken from the tumor. In this work we concentrated on the detection of chromosomal changes present in nephroblastomas of 44 patients and their associations with clinical data. We have proved some of the known associations (22q...
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Habitat dependence of persistence of clonal connection in plants
Martincová, Nina ; Weiser, Martin (advisor) ; Koubek, Tomáš (referee)
The review is about the role of environment to the longevity of connection in clonal plants. The first part is dealing with theoretical models, which describe the interaction of plants with different strategies in longevity of clonal connection in a model habitat. Subsequently, it analyses concrete attributes of the environment - heterogeneity, carrying capacity, amount of disturbances and competition. This part focuses more thoroughly on their impact on persistence of clonal connection and strategy of clonal reproduction in general. The last part refers to some other phenomena which could influence the length of persistence of a clonal connection.
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Economic Efficiency, Competition and Equilibrium in Heterogeneous Production
Průša, Jan ; Benáček, Vladimír (advisor) ; Pertold-Gebicka, Barbara (referee) ; Klein, Peter G. (referee) ; Daraio, Cinzia (referee)
This thesis provides a bridge between two strands of efficiency literature. As we describe in the first part, the theory of efficiency is generally focused on equilibrium and mild devia- tions from it. In contrast, empirical studies document large variations in efficiency that are persistent in real economies. We describe two theoretical concepts as driving forces behind fluctuating performance of companies. Firstly, efficiency is derived from competition and is dynamic by its nature. As production happens in time, changing supply and demand conditions induce the ne- cessity to continuously adjust production processes. These changes are implemented under conditions of uncertainty, which directly leads to regular inefficiencies, implying that out- of-equilibrium situations are normal rather than rare. Secondly, standard models typically rely on price exogeneity to separate technical and allocative components of overall economic efficiency. We point out that this assumption is likely to fail due to extreme heterogeneity of the units of analysis. We elaborate in detail on the significance of heterogeneity in efficiency models, especially the heterogeneity of capital. As a result we demonstrate how various combinations of heterogeneous assets imply further swings in efficiency. We show that integrating both...
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