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Ethics and artificial intelligence
Švarcová, Kateřina ; Sousedík, Prokop (advisor) ; Šolcová, Kateřina (referee)
The thesis focuses on the ethics of artificial intelligence (AI). It is organized into three main parts. The first part describes the basic concepts. There are explained in particularthe basic principles of algorithms and the functioning of AI from a technical point of view. In the next part, the thesis uses texts by J.R. Searle and J. Peregrine to compare AI and human thinking from a philosophical perspective. From this section it is concluded that AI is a machine and as such has no moral responsibility. The moral responsibility in working with AI lies with humans, that is, the developers of AI and its users. This is addressed in the third part of the thesis, where various current moral issues are presented and basic ethical principles for AI work and development are established based on utilitarian and deontological orientations.
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The Influence of Neurotraining on Post-Concussion Syndrome in a Football Player - A Case Study
Crkalová, Monika ; Křivánková, Markéta (advisor) ; Daďová, Klára (referee)
Title: Effect of neurotraining on post-concussion syndrome in a football player - a case report Aims: The aim of this study is to analyse the effectiveness of neurotraining for alleviating the symptoms of post-concussion syndrome using a case study of an adult football player after concussion. Methods: The case-control study used the test, re-test technique. The standardized SCAT5 questionnaire, neuroimaging system testing using optotype, prismatic flipper 6/12, Neurotracker, RightEye and Senaptec Sensory Station were used to assess changes in the effectiveness of the method. Stability measurements were performed using the Physics Toolbox Sensor Suite and, for cognitive function, the Stroop effect. Next, a neurodiagnostic was performed, based on which the proband was selected to perform neurotraining exercises for two months (visual system and mechanoreception were tested). Results: The proband improved in visual acuity by 20 %, vergence flexibility by 44 %, neurocognitive function by 44 %, reaction time by 29 %, depth of field binocularly by 12 %, visualization by 6 % and improved on the neurotracker by 0.3. There was a slight deterioration in left eye accommodation and binocularity by 5 %, depth of field in the right eye by 1 %, in the left eye by 4 %, and in the transition of focus from long...
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Overview of anatomical structures involved in neurovisual training (literary research)
Sádlo, Ondřej ; Kaplan, Aleš (advisor) ; Hráský, Pavel (referee)
Thema work: Overview of anatomical structures involved in neurovisual training Student: Ondřej Sádlo Supervisor: PhDr. Aleš Kaplan, Ph.D., MBA Aims: The goal of this bachelor's thesis is to collect, find out and describe the anatomy of the eye and the anatomy of the brain, as organs involved in cognitive-functional processes during neurovisual training, with the help of literature research. Based on the information obtained, the goal is to create a comprehensive study on the issue of neurovisual training in the last 10 years and describe the anatomy of the eye and brain. Methodology: In my bachelor's thesis, I use the analysis from available sources that solve the given issue of neurovisual training in the last 10 years (from 2014 - until now) from foreign studies and available information about the brain and the eye based on a literature search from the literature, mainly Czech. Key words were determined in Czech: eye, brain, neurovisual training, sensory systems, literary research and in English: eye, brain, neurovisual training, sensory system, literary research. Results: The final thesis, based on a literature search, presents how literary sources, i.e. mainly foreign studies and articles, perceive the relevance of neurovisual training in the last ten years and also how book publications...
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Investigation of changes in epigenetic modofications in rat brain induced by morphine treatment
Hronová, Anna ; Novotný, Jiří (advisor) ; Roubalová, Lenka (referee)
This study addressed the impact of varying lengths of abstinence periods on the epitranscriptomic modification of m6 A and the enzymes involved in this modification as well as on transcription factors in the brains of morphine-dependent rats. The methods used included a colorimetric kit to determine m6 A levels and Western blotting to quantify the levels of enzymes and transcription factors. The results showed that different lengths of morphine abstinence did not have a significant effect on m6 A modification, suggesting that this pathway was likely not influenced by morphine abstinence. However, significant changes were observed in the levels of enzymes involved in the regulation of m6 A, which were localized and time-specific, without a clear trend. Examination of transcriptional regulators ∆FosB and MeCP2 also revealed significant changes only in certain parts of the brain and at specific times, but without a clear trend in changes in levels. The outcome of this study is that the dynamics of transcriptional regulators, N6 -methyl-adenosine, and enzymes involved in m6 A modification are localized and time-specific, opening new questions regarding the mechanisms that govern neurobiological processes during the abstinence period.
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Escherichia coli-induced central nervous system infection and its impact to neurotransmitters' signaling in the host brain.
Lokočová, Gabriela ; Luptáková, Dominika (advisor) ; Krempaská, Katarína (referee)
Dissemination of microbial pathogens to the central nervous system (CNS) is one of the most severe and life-threatening complications of neurological disorders, especially in neonates. Microbial pathogen-induced CNS meningitis and encephalitis develop through several steps of host-pathogen interactions, including a high level of bacteremia (bacterial blood count >103 mL-1 ), mucosal colonization by the pathogen, microbial invasion of the intravascular space, and inoculation into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), leading to penetration of CNS barriers and inflammation of meninges and brain parenchyma. Neuroinfectious diseases are associated with acute changes in mental and motor function that are followed by chronic neurological dysfunction that can persist long after the recovery from the infection event. Increased expression of cytokines and chemokines by brain cells and CNS compartment-dependent infiltration of leukocytes and neutrophils modulate brain metabolism and function via an effect on neuronal signaling by neurotransmitters. This work aims to summarize the current knowledge about the CNS infections induced by Escherichia coli and brain region-specific neuromodulatory changes with focus on the glutamatergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic pathway that may be further involved in host's...
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Development of left-right asymmetry of the vertebrate brain
Černá, Barbora ; Soukup, Vladimír (advisor) ; Telenský, Petr (referee)
The left-right asymmetry of the internal organization of an individual occurs across the animal kingdom and represents a deeply conserved trait. This internal asymmetry involves various organ systems, including the brain. Left-right asymmetry in the brains of vertebrates can be found in the size, shape, or neural lateralization of brain regions. The developmental process governing these asymmetries involves complex interactions between genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Understanding these mechanisms and their interrelationships is crucial for further studying this phenomenon. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) serves as a fundamental model organism for investigating brain asymmetry, demonstrating morphological asymmetry of the epithalamus and the development of its establishment from initial symmetry disruption in the body to functional asymmetry in the brain, with an emphasis on the role of the Nodal signaling pathway in regulating this asymmetry. Understanding the development of brain asymmetry and its regulation in vertebrates may provide insight into neurological disorders associated with this phenomenon and contribute to uncovering the evolutionary history of the brain, its adaptive capabilities, and responses to different environments.
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Cognitive Game Battery: Assessing and Identifying Deficits in Memory, Attention, Problem-Solving, and Decision-Making Skills
Češka, Ondřej ; Malik, Aamir Saeed (referee) ; Hussain, Yasir (advisor)
Cílem této práce je neinvazivní posouzení vybraných kognitivních domén (pozornost, paměť, rozhodování) pomocí nové mobilní aplikace vyvinuté za tímto účelem. Posuzování kognitivních nedostatků je důležité pro prevenci neurokognitivních poruch. Byly analyzovány existující posuzovací úlohy a na jejich základě byla navržena a úspěšně implementována kognitivní herní baterii sestávající ze 3 mobilních her. Aplikace je určena pro platformu Android a byla vyvinuta v Unity engine. Byl vytvořen systém pro sběr a uchovávání herních dat a jejich následné zhodnocení za pomoci cloudové dostupnosti. Jeho spolehlivost byla posouzena na základě vlastního sběru dat a poznatků existujících studií. Vyvinutá aplikace přináší jiný pohled na posuzování kognitivních nedostatků, porovnává uživatelem dosažené skóre s ostatními hráči a poskytuje mu detailní zpětnou vazbu.
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Support of self-regulation throughtprogram of socio-emotional learning at elementary
Jánská, Adriana ; Felcmanová, Lenka (advisor) ; Tirpák, Jan (referee)
Stress has been a part of humanity since its origin, nevertheless, due to the recent pandemic the interest in this topic has dramatically increased. The theoretical part of the thesis "Support of self-regulation through a program of socio-emotional learning at elementary school" gives an introduction to brain functions and stress. A strong emphasis is put on methods about how to reduce stress and preventive programs focused on well-being in schools. The theoretical part also includes a chapter dealing with trauma that can be caused by severe negative stress experiences in childhood or adulthood. The thesis aims to determine whether the use of the RRRR methodology contributes to the improvement of the child's stress management strategies. A mixed design, i.e., a combination of qualitative and quantitative research, was chosen to meet the objectives of this thesis. Action research was chosen as the main method and was conducted in a 6th grade of primary school. For data collection, the researcher's classroom observation method was chosen during the implementation of activities selected from the RRRR methodology, specifically from the part for grades 4-5 and grades 6-7 in primary school. In addition, a questionnaire completed by students in the research and control classes before and after the...
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Measurement of biological signals with Bipack system
Brudík, Vladislav ; Hlaváček, Antonín (referee) ; Valla, Martin (advisor)
This bachelor's thesis deals with questions of sensing electrical brain activity by electroencephalograph, and the data processing. Theoretical part is focused on brain, it's anatomy and functions. It also deals with biological signals, types of curves and systems used for measuring EEG curves. For purpose of signal processing it's been designed application software with GUI interface. This application software displays EEG curves, significant frequency ranges, frequency spectrum and filtered areas of characteristic waves.
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Influence of PbO and CdO nanoparticles on particular physiological functions in mouse.
Svozilová, Eva ; Vrlíková, Lucie (referee) ; Večeřa, Zbyněk (advisor)
The aim of this bachelor´s thesis is to assess the long-term effects of inhalation of nanoparticles of lead oxide and cadmium oxide on the weight of selected organs of experimental white mice. The selected organs (spleen, liver, kidney, lungs, brain) were successively collected during a period of thirteen weeks. The effect of inhalation of both metal oxides was statistically evaluated. In both study groups of the experiment (PbO and CdO), the relation between organs weight and the length of inhalation and the relation between organs weight and inhalation of differing metal concentrations were evaluated, and results both of the study groups were compared to each other.
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