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Isolation and characterisation of biologically active substances
Kettnerová, Eliška ; Nesměrák, Karel (advisor) ; Musilová, Adéla (referee)
This Bachelor thesis aims at isolation and partial identification of biologically active substances which are produced by actinomycetes and can be potentially applied in medicine. Cultivation broths of actinomycetes containing their metabolites were purified and pre-concentrated by solid phase extraction. Then, the bioassay of the extracts by Kirby-Bauer test using the sensitive strain Kocuria rhizophila was performed. Biologically active metabolites were analyzed and isolated by ultra- performance liquid chromatography with photo diode array detector. Isolated substances were assayed by mass spectrometry, which yielded relative molecular mass values of the unknown compounds. The values were compared with relative molecular masses of compounds listed in a chemical database, which involves natural products including antibiotics. We revealed that the unknown biologically active substances do not refer to any already discovered compound present in the database suggesting that the unknown compounds may be novel. More mass spectrometry and nuclear resonance experiments have to be carried out in order to elucidate their structure. Key words: actinomycetes, antibiotics, SPE, UPLC, HPLC Subject heading: analysis of secondary metabolites, bioassay test, isolation of biologically active compounds,...
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Antimicrobial consumption in children aged 0-14, international comparison
Laštík, Jozef ; Křížová, Eva (advisor)
Antibiotics are nedůležitějším means that the company has in the fight against bacterial infections. The discovery of penicillin by Sir A.Flemingem in 1928 , its isolation Chaine and Floreym in 1940 and subsequent clinical use have meant that until serious or fatal bacterial infectious diseases are today curable . In the following years there have been many more antibiotics or chemotherapeutics , which expands treatment options microbial infections . The high popularity of antibiotics in clinical practice over the course of a few decades taken their toll. Substantial consumption of antimicrobial agents and their misuse has led to the emergence of bacterial resistance with which the discovery of antibiotics planned. Adverse the result is a reduced capacity in the selection of antibiotic therapy in the causal infection. This poses a huge risk to the current population , but especially for the next generation . It may even occur to the fact that the antibiotics used today lost due to bacterial resistance efficiency, and we will not be able to fight against bacteria . One of the branches of medicine where there permanently increased consumption of antibiotics , pediatrics . Children have limited immune mechanisms , and therefore constitute a population that is more susceptible to infections. Most often ,...
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Urinary tract infections caused by Staphylococcus saprophyticus
FORMÁNEK, Karel
This bachelor's thesis deals with infections of urinary tracts caused by Staphylococcus saprophyticus. S. saprophyticus belongs into coagulase-negative staphylococci. It is a cause of uncomplicated urinary tract infection. In theoretical section I focused on genus of Staphylococcus, which belongs into resistant microbes, despite the fact they do not generate spores. Staphylococcus taxonomy has been developed in past four decades, nowadays are known 54 genuses of staphylococci. S. saprophyticus belongs to coagulase-negative staphylococci, it is resistant to novobiocin and it is a producer of enzyme of urease. Practical section was carried out at laboratory of medical microbiology, bacteriological department in local hospital, in České Budějovice, a.s. under the professional supervision. I worked with urinal samples in automatic system HB&L UROQUATTRO. The most frequent method for identification S. saprophyticus is mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF. In every single genus I made sensitivity for antibiotics. Via statistic processing of results I came to a conclusion that capture of S.saprophyticus as a cause of urine tract infection according to gender in year 2013 was occurred at 94,7% of women and 5,3% of men, in year 2014 results were analogous. Age distribution of the biggest capture of patients was between 20-40 years.
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The Use of Liquid Chromatography for Determination of Drug Residues
Dvořáková, Petra ; Hajšlová, Jana (referee) ; Chýlková, Jaromíra (referee) ; Sokol, Jozef (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
This work is based on the occurrence of drug residues in the environment. This study is focused on the development and optimization methods for determination of selected drugs in the surface water, aquatic sediment and sewage sludge from waste water treatment plant. From the group of drugs were chosen antibiotics. Antibiotics presented in the environment can cause adverse effects including toxic effects, immunity disorders and indirect bioalteration effects. Sulfonamide antibiotics, which are used in the treatment of urinary and respiratory tract infections as well as in the treatment of other infectious diseases, were chosen as a target compounds. Three optimized analytical methods for determination of sulfonamide antibiotics were developed. For the optimization of extraction were tested: solid phase extraction, pressurized solvent extraction, microwave extraction and ultrasonic extraction. For the final analysis was used liquid chromatography with two detectors - diode array detector and mass spectrometer. These optimized methods were applied for the analysis of real samples. The surface water and sediment samples were collected from two Moravian rivers (the Svratka river and the Svitava river). Samples of sewage sludge were collected from waste water treatment plant Brno-Modřice. Fish samples from the Svratka river were also collected. It was observed that all the selected sulfonamide antibiotics are present in real sediment samples (ug.kg-1). Simultaneously presence of some target analytes in real surface water (ug.l-1) and in sewage sludge (ug.kg-1) samples has been confirmed. In samples of surface water from the Svitava river and in fish samples sulfonamide antibiotics were not detected or their concentrations were below the limit of detection.
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Application of separation methods for the determination of selected pharmaceuticals in waters
Burešová, Jitka ; Opatřilová, Radka (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
Antibiotics are widely used pharmaceuticals in human and veterinary medicine. These compounds are biologically active. They decrease efficiency of biological processes in wastewater treatment plants. Antibiotics are not eliminated from sewage water completely and they are discharged as contaminants into the receiving waters. Several methods exist for the determination of antibiotics in sewage water. In the first place liquid chromatography, gas chromatography and capillary electrophoresis are used. The aim of this thesis was to developed a suitable izolation technique and an optimal analytical method for identification and determination of penicillins in wastewater. For determination was selected amoxicillin, ampicillin and benzylpenicillin (penicillin G). These are very often used penicillins. An optimized method was used for determination of these penicilins in real samples from a wastewater treatment plant situated in Veterinary and pharmaceutical university in Brno and from the large-scale wastewater treatment plant in Brno-Modřice. Real samples were concentrated using SPE (solid phase extraction). For penicillins determination were used high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC/DAD).
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Insights into the mechanism of action of bactericidal lipophosphonoxins
Panova, Natalya ; Zborníková, Eva ; Šimák, Ondřej ; Krásný, Libor ; Kolář, M. ; Látal, T. ; Seydlová, G. ; Rejman, Dominik
The advantages offered by antibiotics in the treatment of infectious diseases are endangered due to the increase in the number of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. This reduces the efficiency of antibiotic treatments and poses a serious health and economical problem. Currently, the need for novel antibiotics is becoming increasingly apparent. Recently, we discovered a series of compounds termed lipophosphonoxins exhibiting selective cytotoxicity towards gram-positive bacterial cells. The attempt to elucidate the mode of action of lipophosphonoxins is presented here.
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Selected milk quality parameters in cured cows
HRUBEŠOVÁ, Kristýna
The work deals with the monitoring of selected indicators of milk quality including residues of inhibitory substances (RIS) in the milk of cows treated with selected groups of antibiotics. It contains an analysis of selected factors that act on these indicators. The theoretical part deals with the inhibitory substances, their effects on the human body and the processing technology. The paper describes the application of antibiotics to treat mastitis and drying off cows including factors that affect the excretion of antibiotics in milk. The legislative regulations relating to this issue are also a part of the theoretical section. The practical part is divided into three parts. The first part focuses on the characteristics observed in cows treated within selected businesses and farms. The second part is focused on the assessment of the quality parameters studied samples (fat, protein and somatic cell count) and the third part is devoted to factors that influence the presence of RIS in milk samples. In determining the quality indicators monitored in milk treated cows, it was confirmed that the protein content and static cell count (SCC) are in these cows due to disease increased and the mean value of the SCC did not correspond to a given limit legislation. When monitoring factors affecting presence RIS, it was found that the method of drug administration group and used antibiotics have influenced the presence RIS after the withdrawal period.
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Seasonal evolution of antibiotic concentrations in the wastewater of STP České Budějovice
JANOŠÍK, David
The aim of the diploma thesis was to monitor seasonal concentration changes of 7 antibiotics norfloxacin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, erythromycin, trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in wastewater influent and (cleaned) water effluent in the Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) České Budějovice. Time-proportional 24 hours pooled samples of wastewater were collected every month from March 2011 to February 2012 in the influent and effluent pof the STP. The concentrations of target compounds were determined by using in line SPE/LC-MS/MS analysis. The highest average concentration in the influent was detected in case of norfloxacin (0.563 microgram/l) and ciprofloxacin (0.406 microgram/l). The highest average concentration in the effluent was detected in the case of trimethoprim (0.255 microgram/l) and erythromycin (0.117 microgram/l). Higher concentration of antibiotics was measured in the colder periods of the year. It was connected with increased use of antibiotics and with less cleaning efficiency of the STP in this season. The highest removal efficiency was determined for norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin, the lowest for erythromycin. The influence of the season on the removal efficiency of antibiotics was found esp. for azithromycin,trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.
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The teaching prevention of infectious diseases in Czech education system
JOSKOVÁ, Jitka
The major goal of the thesis "Teaching prevention of infectious diseases in Czech school system" is to determine whether and to what extent is the curriculum of elementary schools incorporated lessons prevention of infectious diseases. Part of the curriculum in primary schools should be framework of basic education, prevention of infectious diseases, because it is the only way that the children instill awareness of the basic types of microorganisms, various ways of transmission, the difference between viral and bacterial diseases as well as the different treatment of these diseases. Only in such a way, the teaching of the issue touches the vast majority of primary schools (6-15years). The thesis consists of two parts, the theoretical part and the practical part.
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