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Gender and Law
Jará, Nikola ; Agha, Petr (advisor) ; Kosek, Jan (referee)
Gender equality, which encompasses the equal treatment of women and men, is a contemporary issue that concerns us all. Unfortunately, it does not receive adequate attention in the legal framework of the Czech Republic. The legal regulations governing equality and equal opportunities remain insufficient, and the Czech Republic lags behind other European countries in this regard. There is a notable lack of interest and concrete efforts to address gender inequality within Czech society. In theory, women, like men, are granted civil and political rights under the law, including the right to equal pay for equal work. However, in practice, significant disparities persist, especially in the labor market and decision-making processes. One way to promote equality in society is through affirmative action. This thesis delves into the theoretical concepts related to gender equality, discrimination, and affirmative action. It also conducts an analysis of existing equality legislation and the state's gender policies. Additionally, the thesis examines key areas where women face disadvantages and discrimination. It takes into account the social factors contributing to persistent inequality, the influence of gender segregation and stereotypes, and the unequal position of women in public life. The objective of this...
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Zastoupení žen v národních parlamentech západní a východní Evropy: Srovnání Španělska a Ukrajiny
Rushynets, Anna
This thesis compares the share of women in the parliament in Spain with those in Ukraine in the period from 1945 to 2019 by using cultural, political, socio-economic factors, and indicators such as HDI, IHDI, GDI, GII. The thesis describes the representation of women in its historical development in the parliaments of Spain and Ukraine, using given conditions which have influence the share of women in national parliaments, and the factors that determined the attitude of parliamentary parties to gender equality at the level of national politics. The thesis compares the historical development of representation of women, given factors, and indicators and attitudes of political parties in Spain and Ukraine. Based on the results of is comparison, it was exemplifies that the high proportion of women in the Congress of Deputies of Spain is a consequence of the established gender policy of the state and the imposition of compulsory electoral quotas, and sanctions for its violation. In conclusion, there are recommendations for Ukraine to improve the current state of the issue.
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Quotas in politics as a way to obtain equality between the sexes?
Mottlová, Markéta ; Bíba, Jan (advisor) ; Vargovčíková, Jana (referee)
The main purpose of this text is to answer a question whether quotas in politics create conditions for obtaining equality between the sexes. Women's consistent underrepresentation in legislatures constitutes a democratic deficit and quotas are suggested as a possible means of attaining women's equal participation in political decision-making. Arguments for and against quotas will be showed. Quotas are aligned with several concepts - a politics of presence, descriptive representation and differentiated citizenship. It will be also explained why the unequal distribution of the unpaid labor of the family is a major obstacle for women to gain equality in politics. It will be described what types of quotas are actually applied, what are the effects of gender quotas in terms of numbers as well as the empowerment of women and under what conditions are women politicians able to make use of their positions as elected politicians. Attention will be paid to some years of experience with the implementation of quotas in Africa, whether the inclusion of women in politics furthers democratization and interests of women. South Africa will be showed as a country in which gender quotas are applied with success. In contrast negative effects of quotas in certain political system and context will be pointed out.
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Gender quotas in politics
Mottlová, Markéta ; Bíba, Jan (advisor) ; Znoj, Milan (referee)
The main claim of my thesis is that demand of higher representation of women in politics and calling for quotas are legitimate. This claim is based on theoretical framework of descriptive and group representation. Essentialism is rejected in the line of reasoning in favour of more women in politics. Instead, current disadvantage of women and social and institutional barriers are pointed out. Although there are no common women's interestes, equality issues are predominantly placed on the political agenda by female politicians. Besides gender stereotypes the biggest obstacle for women in politics are their own political parties because they nominate few women and they do not place them at the top of candidate lists. Civic Democratic Party before election to Chamber of Deputies in 2013 was an example of the concept glass cliff when women get to leadership positions in the context of crisis. Quotas are based on mistrust of gradual development. Efficiency of quotas depends on how many political parties use them and in which position in parlament these parties are. The order of candidates on the ballots is also important. Nowadays there is a proposal of legislative quotas which would be obligatory for all political parties.
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Positive Action in the EU Gender Equality Law: Potential and Challenges in the Czech Republic
Fellegi, Zuzana ; Scheu, Harald Christian (advisor) ; Forejtová, Monika (referee) ; Pítrová, Lenka (referee)
1 UNIVERZITA KARLOVA Právnická fakulta Zuzana Fellegi, Mgr., M.A., LL.M. Positive Action in the EU Gender Equality Law: Potential and Challenges in the Czech Republic Pozitivní akce v genderové legislativě v EU: potenciál a výzvy v České republice Disertační práce Školitel: Harald Christian Scheu, Doc., Mag. phil., Dr. iur., Ph.D. Studijní program: Teoretické právní vědy - Evropské právo Datum vypracování práce (uzavření rukopisu): 28.6.2021 2 Abstract This presented study provides results of an extensive research regarding the codification, interpretation and the use of positive actions within major international organisations and selected national states with aim to assess their possible applications in the Czech Republic (CR). This work is divided into three interrelated parts comprising 1) theoretical and conceptual clarification of the principles of gender equality, anti-discrimination, and positive actions; 2) comparative analysis of the codification and the use of positive actions in three major international organisations - the UN, the COE, and the EU; and 3) codification and possibility of use of positive actions (more concretely quotas) in the fields of political and economic representation in the CR and assessment of their constitutional compatibility. This presented research is based on the...
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Důsledky zrušení mléčných kvót pro ceny mléka v České republice a okolních státech
Stehlík, Jaroslav
This bachelor thesis deals with the results of the abolition of milk quotas in European union on the milk prices from the producers in Czech Republic, Germany, Slovakia, Poland and Austria. In thesis there are used VAR models to test Granger causality between prices in particular countries. There are also used descriptive statistics for understanding the prices before and after quotas abolition. There are calculated basic characteristics of all time series, which are used for period between January 2008 and December 2017.
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Vývoj komoditní vertikály cukrové řepy v českém agrárním sektoru
Vaněk, Martin
The diploma thesis deals with the definition and characteristics of decisive factors that influenced the production and economic context of the development of the individual phases of the commodity vertical sugar - sugar beet in the Czech Republic and within the EU common market. It defines in more detail the crucial changes affecting the business environment related to sugar beet and sugar production. It characterizes the impacts of specific measures on individual phases of commodity vertical. It examines the development of sowing areas, yield per hectare and sugar content of sugar beet for agricultural producers. Within the downstream industry, it describes the development of our sugar industry and compares current processing capacities with selected EU countries. In conclusion, the thesis deals with the balance of import and export of sugar and confectionery, as well as the analysis of the relationship between price and sugar consumption and the reaction to price movements in individual phases of commodity vertical.
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Representation of women in the French parliamentary elections in 2012 and 2017
Součková, Alžběta ; Perottino, Michel (advisor) ; Kubátová, Hana (referee)
This bachelor's thesis deals with a comparative analysis of the elections to the French National Assembly in 2012 and 2017 in terms of the representation of women among candidates and among elected deputies. The representation of women in the National Assembly is presented in the historical context of women in the political space from the French Revolution, through the gain of women's suffrage after World War II, to the Parity Act in 2000, which introduces legal quotas for women's representation in political institutions and functions. The thesis deals with factors that affects women's entry into politics and their number, such as the French Fifth Republic's electoral system in elections to the National Assembly or setting quotas for women's representation, as well as indicators that determine the real power and importance of women in politics. The comparison of the legislative elections in 2012, when the Socialist Party won, and the legislative elections in 2017, when the new political group En Marche won the majority, deals mainly with different approches of political parties to the law of parity and gender equality and then also with differences in filling key positions in the National Assembly. The conclusion of the thesis presents the results of the analysis, which will either confirm or...
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The position of political parties in the Czech Republic on migration
Holbičková, Monika ; Brunclík, Miloš (advisor) ; Švec, Kamil (referee)
The aim of this diploma thesis is to answer research questions concerning the attitudes of the President of the Czech Republic Miloš Zeman selected political subjects and their chairmen to migration. For selected political subjects the goal is to find out what attitude they are whether their election programs from 2013 and 2017 include the issue of the migration crisis or if so how much this issue is in the programs. For the research where selected political entities which exceeded the threshold for entry into the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic at least in one case of the Parliamentary elections in years 2013 and 2017. Researched political subjects are: ANO, ČPS, ČSSD, KDU-ČSL, KSČM, ODS, SPD, STAN, TOP 09 and Úsvit. The analysis deals with which attitudes to the migration crisis have the chairmen of selected political subjects, whether they change over a given time frame and whether they agree with the political entity they represent. The thesis also deals with the attitude of the President of the Czech Republic Miloš Zeman to the migration crisis and whether it changes during the specified period of time. The researched time period is from January 2013 to December 2017. Research is done through quantitative content analysis. Variables of analysis are: refugee crisis...
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