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Development of testing equipment for measuring mechanical properties of cancellous bone
Jiroušek, Ondřej ; Jírová, Jitka ; Vavřík, Daniel
Development of experimental procedures used for evaluation of mechanical properties of cancellous bone using small samples of cylindrical shape. Both the compressive and tensile specimens are tested while for the strain measurement an optical method utilizing CCD camera of high resolution is used. The procedure is used to assess the relationship between the apparent density of the cancellous bone in Hounsfield units obtained from computer tomography scans and viscoelastic material properties used in finite element modeling of whole bones.
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Gene polymorphisms of antioxidant enzymes and diabetes mellitus
Flekač, Milan ; Škrha, Jan (advisor) ; Bendlová, Běla (referee) ; Rybka, Jaroslav (referee)
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1), an antioxidant enzyme closely associated with HDL(high-density lipoproteins), preserves LDL (low density lipoproteins) against oxidation. Less protection may be therefore supposed by decreased PON1 activity.This study was undertaken to investigate the association of PON1 gene polymorphisms with diabetic angiopathy and to evaluate the relationship of these polymorphisms with PON1 activity. Total of 86 Type 1 (T1DM) and 246 Type 2 (T2DM) diabetic patients together with 110 healthy subjects were examined. DNA isolated from leukocytes was amplified with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by restriction enzyme digestion. The products were analyzed for L55M and Q192R polymorphisms in coding region and for -107 C/T and -907 G/C in promotor sequence of PON1. Serum enzyme activity was measured spectrophotometrically. Significant differences were found between T1DM or T2DM and control persons in L55M polymorphism (allele M more frequent in T1DM and T2DM vs. controls, p<0,05) and Q192R polymorphism (R allele less frequent in T1DM and T2DM vs. controls, p<0,01) of the PON1 gene. Serum PON1 activity was significantly decreased in T1DM (110±68 nmol/ml/min) and T2DM patients (118±69 nmol/ml/min) compared to the control persons (203±58 nmol/ml/min), both p<0,01. The presence of MM and QQ...
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Osteoporosis, osteopenia and motoric activity
Brožová, Kamila ; Radvanský, Jiří (advisor) ; Matoulek, Martin (referee)
The aim of the work was to evaluate the impact of physical activity on the bone health. There is some evidence that exercise-induced gains in bone mass in children are maintained into adulthood, suggesting that physical activity habits during childhood may have long- lasting benefits on bone health. During adulthood, the primary goal of physical activity should be to maintain bone mass. The age- related decline in bone mineral density is attenuated and the relative risk for fracture is reduced in people who are physically active. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Segmentace a odhad hustoty ve stehennim kloubu
Horáček, Jan ; Čapek, Martin (referee) ; Maršálek, Lukáš (advisor)
There are two basic ways of surgical treatment of femoral neck fracture - total endoprosthesis or a special metal screw in the bone. In case of a dense enough bone the screws are preferred. But for a too parse bone, the screw may cut through the femoral head, which results in further surgical operations. We present a novel method for femoral head density measurement, which serves as another hint for the doctor's decision, whether to apply a screw or total endoprosthesis. Our approach is based on semi-automatical femoral head segmentation from CT dataset based on finding optimal path through polar coordinates on axial slices. The cost function is based on a combination of corticallis properties, mostly the directional behavior of 3D gradients and their size in 2D slices, where they form typical "channels". The final volume is computed using filling and morphological algorithms and its properties are further measured. The final implementation was experimentally validated on RTG clinic of Bulovka hospital and allows radiologists to intuitively and accurately estimate the femoral head density in approximately 1 to 3 minutes.
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Influence of phenylketonuria on osteopenia
Tůmová, Linda ; Hučko, Boris (advisor) ; Adéla, Adéla (referee)
The Masters thesis deals with The influence of external factors on bone loss in patients with phenylketonuria. The phenylketonuria is relatively rare disease, but it is one of the most common inherited metabolic diseases, with the incidence of 1:10000 newborns in Europe. It is an autosomal recessive disease, caused by the deficiency or low activity of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase in liver. This enzyme catalyzes the hydroxylation of phenylalanine to tyrosine in the presence of cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin. Mutations in the gene for this enzyme (previously described more than 800 mutations) or in the gene for the cofactor (2% of cases) results when received normal diet, a large amount of unprocessed phenylalanine can accumulate in the blood and other bodily fluids while the levels of tyrosine and its metabolites are low. This situation leads to severe mental retardation, eczema, microcephaly, growth retardation, physical disability, psychiatric problems, etc. Due to the fact that mental retardation is usually irreversible, testing and early diagnosis is crucial when it comes to this disease. Because of the severity of the disease, a mandatory screening test for newborns was implemented in the Czech Republic in 1975, followed by a treatment diet, that consists of a strict restriction of protein and supplementation of amino acid preparations without phenylalanin. One of the chronic problems connected to this illness are decreased bone density in children and adults with PKU. Although the underlying cause of osteopenia in phenylketonuria has not yet been elucidated, it is a consequence of several factors.
Using the questionnaire, my data was evaluated for the incidence of bone loss in patients with PKU. As my research shows, the incidence of osteoporosis in patients with PKU is higher than the normal population. In 41,3 % of PKU patients were diagnosed osteopenia and osteoporosis in 2,2 %. In the normal population, 99 % of respondents have a normal BMD, while 1 % were diagnosed the osteoporosis. Furthermore, comparing the data with the normal and PKU populations, it has not been confirmed by external influences such as BMI, drinking coffee and cola drinks, and physical activity for example, in regards to bone loss. Conversely showed, that phenylketonuriacs consume cola drinks more than the normal population, most likely due to the factor of gaining quick energy.
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Dependence of selected antagonists on Lymantria dispar abundance
Jelínková, Zuzana ; Lukášová, Karolina (advisor) ; Holuša, Jaroslav (referee)
The aim of this study was to investigate the dependence of selected antagonists to the abundance of Lymantria dispar. The aim of the study was to determine whether these natural enemies can affect the abundance of L. dispar. I have focused on South Moravia, where L. dispar occurs. In 2015 the Turček method reviewed a total of 3,600 trees in seven locations with the historical appearance of outbreaks of gypsy moth. Density egg clutches were extremely low, about 0.019 for each new clutch per tree, which corresponds to the latent state.
On the studied locations egg clutches was collected, measured and recorded in notebooks. A load with at least one egg in each area was removed with the top 5 cm of litter and a top layer of mineral soil. The removed soil was put into pots in which were stored late instar caterpillars for the detection of E. maimaiga. The cups were inserted along with the caterpillars in the refrigerator for three days at 15°C without food. Aafter three days the caterpillars were taken away individually and placed on an artificial diet. An inspection was performed and a their mortality was monitored. The presence of E. maimaiga was examined microscopically for 325 dead caterpillars, but no pathogen was detected.
In the laboratory, the individual egg clutches were placed upon a Petri dishes with filter paper and the number of eggs counted with a stereo microscope. Subsequently, the eggs were left to hatch and were analyzed for the presence of parasitoids. A total of 1 246 species of egg parasitoids Anastatus japonicus was found in six locations, taking in donations females predominated. Egg parasitism was on average around 5%. Flight activity A. japonicus was quite long and covered the period 24 May 2015 to 28 July 2015.
In the absence of E. maimaiga and low egg parasitism at the studied locations we do not expect any strong influence of the studied antagonists on population density and outbreak cycle L. dispar in South Moravia.
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EVALUATION OF BONE MINERAL DENSITY AND CALCIUM SCORE IN HEMODIALYSIST PATIENTS
Ohlídalová, Kristýna ; Kreuzberg, Boris (advisor) ; Neuwirth, Jiří (referee) ; Tůma, Stanislav (referee)
Origin of renal osteodystrophy and cardiovascular complications are multifactorial. This complications are caused by disorders of calcium - phosphate metabolism already at the beginning of patient's irreversible renal failure. The factors playing the most important part in the development o renal ostedystrophy and are hypocalcemia and increasing serum phosphate levels associated with a declining glomerulal filtration. Two main types of renal osteodystrophy can be described - high turnover bone disease and low turnover disease. High turnover forms of renal osteodystrophy are characterized by rapid bone turnover caused by abnormally high PTH levels. The two types of high turnover renal osteodystrophy are predominant hyperparathyroid bone disease, and mixed uremic osteodystrophy. Low turnover forms of renal osteodystrophy are characterized by a dramatic drop in the rate of bone remodeling, caused by oversuppression of PTH and/or by aluminum accumulation. The bones become thin and overly flexible, and bowing may occur. The two types of low turnover renal osteodystrophy are low turnover uremic osteodystrophy and aluminum-related bone disease. Patients who have end-stage renal disease with increased serum phosphate levels and calciumphosphate products are associated with an increased prevalence of ectopic...
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není uveden
Soukup, Viktor ; Babjuk, Marek (advisor) ; Mareš, Jaroslav (referee) ; Novák, Jaroslav (referee)
Immunohistochemical examination of microvascular density can be an additional prognostic factor in patients with superficial urinary bladder carcinoma, nevertheless, more extensive studies need to be carried out. Maximal microvascular density correlated with a recurrence free interval and in a case of bigger group of patients could be statistically significant. The statistical correlation between MVD and a nuclear p53 accumulation is that significant that we assume the p53 importance in the angiogenesis regulation of superficial urinary bladder carcinoma. The p53 positivity in non-tumor mucosa of urinary bladder in patients with superficial bladder cancer correlates with higher risk of tumor recurrence. According to our results the reason of urinary bladder carcinoma multifocality is genetic instability present in the whole urothelium at the time of tumor diagnosis. The PAX5 gene expression is a frequent finding in superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. From the prognostic point of view, high levels of PAX5 expression seem to be connected with higher recurrence and progression rates. The extent of lamina propria invasion seems to be a clinically relevant prognostic factor for progression of T1 bladder transitional cell carcinoma. Finding T1b tumor is connected with the risk of understaging....
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Influence of thyreoideal functional disorder to parameters of muscle mass and density of bone minerals
Pouzarová, Kateřina ; Bartůňková, Staša (advisor) ; Vránová, Jana (referee)
Title: The effects of thyroid gland functional disorders upon muscular mass parameters and bone mineral density (BMD). Purpose: The purpose of the research has been to monitor alterations in muscular strength, in muscular and adipose tissue parameters established by densitometry, bone mineral density, and blood parameters of thyroidal functions from thyroid gland functional disorder diagnosis to expected full functional compensation upon completion of 12- month monitoring. Method: The examined set consisted of two groups of female patients treated during the period of 2005-2007 in the outpatient endocrinology ward of DC MEDISCAN-Euromedic for thyroid dysfunction. The major research method has been densitometry (establishing the parameters of density of bones and soft tissues by bone densitometer), and a measurement ofmuscular strength using a device. Results: Our research has confirmed that the compensation of thyroid gland hyperfunction is associated \\-ith a relatively rapid increase in body weight in the female patients. In female patients with thyreotoxicosis, effective treatment is associated with a significant increase in muscular strength. In female patients with thyroid gland hypofunction, no significant alterations in weight and muscular strength have been reported in the course of the...
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Osteoporosis - analysis of hazard factors and health-social consequences on postclimacterial women in Klatovy region
ŠANTOROVÁ, Markéta
The topic of bachelor thesis is Osteoporosis-Analysis of Risky Factors and Health and Social Consequences with a View to Postmenopausal Women in the Region of Klatovy. Osteoporosis is the disease of body ´s bones, which is characterized by the decrease in bone minerals amount, the decrease in bone density and the change of bone micro architecture. The consequence of these changes is the lowered quality of bone tissue and the higher risk of fractures. Generally, we can divide risky factors into three large groups: factors which can not be influenced by a patient alone (age, sex, genetic influences, geographical influences and climate conditions), which are given in advance and it is not possible to change them; further the factors which can be partly influenced by various measures, for example dietary, regime and medical measures. The last group comprises factors which can be directly influenced by an affected person, and thus only dependant on his or her will and decision (input of calcium into an organism, the influence of a diet, mobility, and bad habits). In the theoretical part the definitions associated with the title of bachelor thesis are explained: etiopathogenesis of osteoporosis, risk factors, clinical picture of this disease, examination of patients with osteoporosis, prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, further anatomy, the structure and function of a bone, and last but not least climacterium and post menopause. For the practical part of bachelor thesis the method of data collection in the form of a questionnaire was chosen. Two questionnaires were created, of which the first comprised 17 closed questions; the second comprised 17 closed questions and 1 open question. The data was collected in the period from June 2007 to June 2008. First, 100 questionnaires were distributed; their rate of return was 100%. After the evaluation of osteoporosis measurements, 66 questionnaires were distributed to women, in which osteoporosis or osteopeny was found; and the rate of return was 60 questionnaires. The research group was the women after menopause from the age of 45 to 80 from the region of Klatovy. The hypothesis no. 1, that the women with significant osteoporosis had 3 or more risk factors, proved, since 15 women with significant osteoporosis mentioned 3 and more risk factors. The hypothesis no. 2, that most women, in which osteoporosis or osteopeny was found by examination, would change their present lifestyle and eating habits, proved, since out of 60 questioned women who suffer from this disease 54 changed their present lifestyles. Thy hypothesis no. 3, that at least one fifth of women with the diagnosis of osteoporosis suffered some of typical fractures, is true, since out of 15 patients who have osteoporosis, 13 mentioned the fracture already in the first questionnaire, 5 women in the second questionnaire (the fracture since the last measurement). The aim of the thesis was to find out the range of osteoporosis occurrence in measured group, the analysis of risk factors, health and social impacts and consequences in a year monitoring. This aim was achieved. The thesis can be used to prevent and eliminate risk factors which can be influenced; on the basis of analysis of risk factors and life style, cultural appeal on healthy women and already ill patients will occur. Better informedness of women is the basic presumption for the prevention of osteoporosis.
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