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Leaf vegetable as a source of phenolic compounds with nutritional value.
TRÖSTLOVÁ, Daniela
The present work treats the amount of phenolic substances in salad plants. A part of this vast plant group is made of flavonoids, which are important by their accessibility and significant biological activity. Quercetin and rutin are in the main focus of this work. They are noted for their favourable biological effects. Having antioxidant qualities, they prevent and stop the lipid peroxidation and they dispose of free radicals. Flavonoids are used in medicine and can prevent the formation of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease or atherosclerosis. The amount of phenolic substances in the chosen sample of ten salad plants was determined by means of micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) and by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). We have used a freeze-dried material for the analysis. The utmost amount of quercetin was found in lettuce grown on outside garden. 48 600 mg/kg of dry matter highly exceeded the amount of quercetin in other plants. There were other phenolic substancs as well: rosmarinic acid, caffeoylchinol acid and caffeic acid. Among others, we found derivatives and colourants of caffeic acid as well.
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Possibility of water and nutrient retention increase in agricultural landscape on example of Třeboňsko area
LHOTSKÝ, Richard
Possibility of water and nutrient retention increase in agricultural landscape on example of Třeboňsko area is subject of PhD thesis presented here by Mgr. Richard Lhotský. PhD thesis is divided into three main chapters that try to answer three basic questions: 1. How far is possible to increase landscape water retention using fishponds? 2. Large amount of nutrient and soil leach arable land, both causing surface water euthrophication and a bigger sedimentation in fishponds. Is it possible to moderate these harmful effects? 3. If wetlands became a part of landscape features how to utilize plant biomass from these areas. Fishponds or even whole fishpond system is a specific component of czech rural landscape and fulfill several important functions. Water accumulation and retention are the most important considering the thesis ? fishponds collect water from a catchment area and also collect floodwaves. Current agriculture based on originally steppe crop needs amelioration. In spite lot of positive features we have to bear in mind that water drainage systems increase mineralization of an organic matter in soil and nutrient loss which might be economically important as well as decrease of surface water quality due to the euthphication. Wetlands and small water bodies (fishponds) may play important role as a nutrient trap in agricultural catchment areas, reuse them and prevent their loss from a landscape and whole Czech Republic. It is necessary to solve a utilization of plant biomass from nutrient and water retention areas and use that in biogas plants seems to be one of the most promising.
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Antioxidative properties of herbal extracts
Neckářová, Zuzana ; Spilková, Jiřina (advisor) ; Siatka, Tomáš (referee)
Antioxidative properties of herbal extracts The main subject of this graduation thesis is the assessment of anti-oxidation activity of Stellaria media. Anti-oxidation protection of the organism is a complex process of mechanisms, which must be in balance with the production of free radicals. The excess of the free radicals are referred to as oxidation stress. The organism is able to resist the free radicals inducing oxidation stress with the preventative and remedial mechanisms, physical barriers or with the influence of antioxidants of enzymatic and non-enzymatic origin. Great attention is particularly paid to the incidence of free radicals in the live organism. These are mainly reactive nitrogen radicals (RNS) and reactive oxygen radicals (ROS), also including superoxide, but this is not only a harmful radical, it also plays an important role during the protection of the organism against infection. It forms a part of the effective weapon of phagocytes against bacteria and extraneous structures. The subject of my graduation thesis was Stellaria media, an annual plant, which is referred to as troublesome weed, nevertheless it contains a number of important substances such as: ascorbic acid, carbohydrates, peptides, glycosides, lipids and higher fatty acids, carotenoids and flavonoids. Recently they are...
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Description and metabolites of pharmaceutical and toxicological important plants I.
Homolová, Lucie ; Opletal, Lubomír (advisor) ; Macáková, Kateřina (referee)
VIII. ABSTRACT HOMOLOVÁ Lucie, Description and metabolites of pharmaceutically and toxicologically important plants, Thesis, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Ecology, Hradec Králové 2008, 90 pp. In this thesis 31 pharmaceutically and toxicologically important or interesting plants are described. The work is focused especially on metabolites and use of these plants - therapeutical, folk and tradicional medicine, in some cases also in food-processing industry. Prahmacopoeial and non-pharmacopoeial monographs and dosage are also listed. For this thesis plants which are used in folk medicine even though the contents of substances does not conform to it were chosen. Other recorded plants were primarily used for some particular reasons but now some other important substances are extracted from them. Also plants that are toxic and can not be recommended for treating diseases but are still used in folk medicine are described. In the end the actual utilization and benefits of each plant are evaluated. Key words:
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Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) as a source of biochemically active substances
Blecha, Jan ; Hudeček, Jiří (advisor) ; Hodek, Petr (referee)
Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae Rhamnoides L.) as a source of biochemically active substances ABSTRACT This work is primarily focused on summarizing of existing data in the literature about the chemical composition of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) fruits, in particular of its oil. It was found that the content of individual chemical components substantially varies in different cultivars and is also very dependent on the conditions in which the plant is grown. Various sea buckthorn products can be rich sources of antioxidants, such as the vitamin C (in amounts up to 2500 mg/100g of fresh fruit) and tocopherols (up to 481 mg/100g of fresh fruit), flavonoids (up to 1100 mg/100g of fresh fruit) and carotenoids (up to 2139 mg/100g of oil). The fatty acids of this plant are mostly unsaturated (up to 89% of all fatty acids), in dominant amounts linolenic and linoleic acid can be found in seed oil and palmitooleic and saturated palmitic acid in pulp oil. Content and effects of significant flavonoids in the plant are also summarized. Among the most important biological effects of sea buckthorn, its antioxidant activity can be included as well as effects on the function of cardiovascular system, hepatoprotective and anticancer effects proven for some of the substances. Thanks to that the sea buckthorn has a high...
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The contamintation level of sediments from water reservoir Orlík by organic and inorganic pollutants
Dvořák, Tomáš ; Száková, Jiřina (advisor) ; Vymazal, Jan (referee)
Due to sorption processes, sediments can retain a wide range of toxic substances, which are transported together with the sediment over long distances from the place of their origin. Dam reservoirs are significant sinks of such sediments and they can be indicative of the overall burden level in surface water of the basin. This thesis works with the assumption that sediments of a valley reservoir can help to estimate the sources and extent of water pollution in the area of interest.
The aim of this thesis was to assess i) the level of contamination of bottom sediments in the Orlík reservoir with organic and inorganic pollutants, and ii) the potential impact of individual tributaries on the overall level of contamination of the sediments. In the literature review, the current level of knowledge in the topic of the total contents and speciation of toxic elements and specificities of the behavior of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in water, sediments and aquatic organisms was evaluated. The biological activity and eutrophication potential of sediments were discussed, as well.
A total of 34 composite samples of bottom sediment collected in different parts of the Orlík reservoir and its major tributaries were evaluated. Bioavailability of major pollutants was also observed in individual tributaries based on their content in the tissues of mollusks.
Atomic spectrometry revealed increased concentrations of As, Cd and Zn in sediments of the Orlík reservoir. Arsenic concentration limits were significantly exceeded at the bottom part of the reservoir from the confluence of the Otava and Vltava rivers toward the body of the dam. Higher level of cadmium and zinc were detected in sediments of the Otava River. The analysis of tissues of bivalves in tributary areas confirmed significant bioaccumulation ability of cadmium. Among others, significant dependence of phosphorus level on the total content of iron and aluminum in sediments was detected.
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Use of electrophoretic methods in the analysis of pharmaceutically important compounds
Šafra, Jiří ; Pospíšilová, Marie (advisor) ; Jokl, Vladimír (referee) ; Ušelová, Kateřina (referee)
The thesis deals with the use of electrophoretic methods in the analysis of pharmaceutically important compounds. In the theoretical part, the principles of basic techniques (like CZE, MEKC, ITP etc.) as well as on-line preconcentration methods (stacking, sweeping, ITP-CZE, tITP) are described. The first part of the experimental work deals with the use of on-line sample preconcentration techniques (ITP-CZE and LVSS with polarity switching) for the analysis of the complex matrices of plant origin. 1. The on-line ITP-CZE was used for the separation and quantification of phenolic acids derived from benzoic and cinnamic acids in methanolic extract of Epilobium parviflorum. BGE-S-BGE electrolyte system was used for the separation. The leading electrolyte in the ITP pre-separation step was 0.01M HCl, 0.02M imidazol, 0.2% HEC with pH 7.2; the terminating electrolyte was 0.01M HEPES with pH 8.2. The background electrolyte in the electrophoretic step contained 25mM MES, 50mM TRIS, 30mM boric acid, 10mM α-cyclodextrine, 0.2% HEC of pH 8.3. A single analysis took 25 min. No special sample pretreatment was required. 2. The next work focused on the application of a stacking-CZE method used for the separation and determination of eight phenolic acids in an extract of Epilobium parviflorum. Large-volume sample stacking...
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