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Cognitive abilities in reptiles and relevant research methodology
Polonyiová, Alexandra ; Němec, Pavel (advisor) ; Landová, Eva (referee)
Reptiles are a neglected group in the study of cognitive abilities of Amniota. Due to their phylogenetic relationship with birds and mammals, knowledge about reptile brains and cognition is important to understanding their evolution in other amniote groups. In this thesis, I summarized the literature on cognitive abilities in reptiles, which focuses on spatial orientation, such as orientation based on visual cues or compass navigation, associative learning, mainly visual discrimination and operant conditioning, and social learning. It has been shown that some reptilian species are capable of flexible behaviour and, given the right methodology, can successfully solve a number of cognitive tasks. I also briefly treated the size and structure of reptile brains, providing the neural substrate for these abilities. Keywords: reptile, cognitive abilities, brain size, brain structure, spatial orientation, associative learning, social learning
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Effect of social learning on avoidance of aposematic prey in avian predators
Bělová, Magdalena ; Exnerová, Alice (advisor) ; Sedláček, František (referee)
Social learning is a topic of many studies. We tested the effect of social learning on the acquisition of avoidance against aposematic prey. We have chosen wild-caught adult and naive hand-reared juvenile great tits (Parus major) as a model predator species, because their individual avoidance learnig of aposematic prey is well-studied. We used red and green paper dummies of bugs with a mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) stuck underneath as an artificial prey. Mealworms were soaked in water or in bitter-tasting solution of quinine. We used two types of conspecific demonstrators - naive birds that showed aversive reactions while tasting an unpalatable prey and experienced birds that were trained not to handle the unpalatable pray at all. We compared effects of both demonstrators on discrimination learning and we tested whether these effects differ in adult and juvenile birds. Observing an experienced demonstrator had an effect on the performance of observers at the beginning of learning process. The observers did not reject the unpalatable prey completely, but the number of trials in which they correctly chose the palatable prey was higher in comparison with birds that observed naive demonstrators and birds from the control group with no demonstrator. Latencies to handle the unpalatable prey in the first...
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Europeanization of the selected actors of the Czech social policy
Nigová, Eva ; Karlas, Jan (advisor) ; Kučerová, Irah (referee)
This thesis deals with the Europeanization of the selected Czech social policy actors, among them some trade unions and non-governmental organizations. It examines their changes in some particular areas: in an organizational structure, in financial resources, in activities, in interests, in the used argumentation towards representatives of state power and in attitudes to the cooperation with partners from the other EU countries. These changes are observed thanks to the country's accession to the EU and/or thanks to the actors' membership in the European interest groups. The thesis tries to prove that these changes have been caused, at first, by the misfit among the Czech actors and their counterparts from the other EU member states. In the latter case it assesses if it is possible to attribute changes to socialization into the European interest groups. It also focuses on the fact whether there have been suitable conditions for the social learning of the observed actors. The questionnaire and secondary literature have been used for the evaluation. It has been proved that the concept of misfit is not suitable for these cases and thus the observed changes cannot be ascribed to this concept. Another situation occurs when evaluating changes resulting from socialization. There has been shown that the...
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The role of imprinting-like effects and social learning for persistence of variability of iris and hair color in European population
Joudal, Lukáš ; Kleisner, Karel (advisor) ; Bártová, Klára (referee)
In bachelor's thesis I deal with the influence of various factors on the color of hair and eyes of the European population. In Europe, many still find blond and light eye colour population despite there is much darker colored populations. Here are some of the mechanisms causing maintain high polymorphism in the European population. The first part of bachelor's thesis focuses on a brief description of the structure of the European population. The thesis also discusses the genetic determination of hair and eyes, its diversity and the differences of the population from the populations of Asia and Africa. In the next section, we discuss the emergence and spread of recessive alleles light eye color a blonde in Europe, particularly northern Europe. The following is a description of the mechanisms influencing the propagation and conservation of recessive alleles. In the penultimate chapter describes the relationship between the morphology of the face and eye color, and the last chapter summarizes the effects mentioned in the previous chapters and their effect on the length of the relationship between partners.
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Change in influence and popularity of pupils in the classroom within a year
SOKOL, Martin
The school class and classroom climate in the classroom is the main theme of this thesis. The work presents the way school climate has been created and by which influences it has been affected. Furthermore, there are ways of exploring school climate and how to work with these findings. The theoretical part describes the forms of social learning, which is closely related to the classroom and integrating the individual to the group. The practical part is focused on exploring one particular school class during the two years course. The empirical research in popularity and influence of individuals in the classroom was carried out. This investigation was conducted by using questionnaires. It was carried out four times and the results were finally compared. This work also shows the daily life of one class and describes the main events and changes that have occurred during the research.
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Rats of the genus Rattus: their biology and food preferences
Voráčková, Petra ; Frynta, Daniel (advisor) ; Telenský, Petr (referee)
Genus Rattus falls into the most extensive mammalian family Muridae, concretely to subfamily Murinae. The Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) and black rat (Rattus rattus) are the best known species of genus Rattus. Although the laboratory rat is widely used as model organism, the wild species of genus Rattus cause huge economic losses in agriculture, especially in South East Asia. These commensal rodents are also vectors of zoonotic deseases which can cause human infection. One of the way how to reduce their populations is to study the transmission of food preferences. Well known phenomenon of genus Rattus is the social learning and sharing the experience about food to other individuals. Not only due to this fact is this kind one of the most successful in the animal kingdom.
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Socializing processes during the child's adaptation in the kindergarten
Šafránková, Tereza ; Koťátková, Soňa (advisor) ; Opravilová, Eva (referee)
The dissertation is concerned with socializing processes of pre-school children around three years of age. The first theoretical part is globally concerned with personality socialization and highlights the significance of socialization in the healthy psychical progression of human beings, as well as the importance of understanding the problems of socialization for the pedagogical profession. This knowledge is specific and generalized in a situational context when the child comes to the kindergarten for the first time and gets slowly untied from the family, developing new relationships outside the family sphere. Socialization in the kindergarten is influenced by many internal and external factors. These factors matter if the child coming to the new kindergarten environment will incorporate to this society without any complications. If any complications appear during the incorporation, internal and external factors also influence the period how long they will last and also they influence the manner how the child will manage them as well. Adaptation programm can facilitate the entrance to the kindergarten for parents and their children. By means of this support programme, alongside the familiar person, children can gradually get acquainted with the new kindergarten environment even before the start of...
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Social networks in educational process
Prosek, Petr ; Šedivá, Zuzana (advisor) ; Pour, Jan (referee)
This work provides a look in on the social learning theory. Defines an educational process and educational theory of connectivism. Also this work will look into ICT tools and their evaluation in educational process with their suggested requirements. Finally it will be introduced a case study, an electronic questionnaire focused on a group of college students and analyse which ICT tools are they using with comparison of derived data.
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