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Encapsulation of active substances and possibilities of their application in anti-aging products
Horváthová, Iveta ; Němcová, Andrea (referee) ; Skoumalová, Petra (advisor)
The aims of this thesis were encapsulation of selected active substances and their possible application in cosmetic products with anti-aging effects. 6 kinds of active substances were studied – lipophilic vitamin E and vitamin A, hydrophilic vitamin B1 and vitamin B2, and phenolic compounds ferulic acid and chlorogenic acid. In theoretocal part, the general characteristics of active compounds and their use are described. It also includes the description of used methods. Practical part was focused on characterisation of active compounds from the perspective of antioxidant activity and encapsulation into liposomes from soy and sunflower lecithin. Encapsulation effectivity, size, stability and long-term stability of liposomes after four weeks were determined. The most suitable liposomes with active compounds were also tested for safety on human skin cells using the MTT test of cytotoxicity on keratinocytes HaCaT. Furthernore, 3 types of cosmetic products were prepared – day cream, night cream and skin serum. Each kind of cosmetic product was devided into 4 types – the product without any active compounds, the product containing free active compounds, the product with liposomes with active compouds and the product containing empty liposomes. As active compounds all our tested substances were used. Final products were tested 14 days on 15 female volunteers. Before and after products usage parametres of their skin were measured to analyze effect of products on skin rejuvenation. Volunteers were also rating sensory analysis of cosmetic products. The part of this thesis was also creating an online questionnaire about anti-aging cosmetics for publicity to find out the popularity of this kind of cosmetics.
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Effect of the dry hopping of the stability of beer foam
Benda, David ; Štursa, Václav (referee) ; Pořízka, Jaromír (advisor)
This diploma thesis deals with the influence of dry hopping on the stability of the beer foam. It was observed how this effect affected general characteristics of beer, the content of hop bitter acids, proteins, phenolic compounds, selected micro- and macro elements, organic acids and the stability od the beer foam. Theoretical part characterises raw the materials for beer production, the substances affecting the stability of beer foam and the beer brewing process. Furthermore the beer foam is described froam a physical point of view together with the steps of its formation and drainage as well as other phenomena that lead to its disappearance. A detailed description of used analytical methods is included. The experimental part illustrates the preparation of the model beer and the implementation of dry hopping with the Czech hop variety called Kazbek. Dry hopping was carried out on day 3, day 5 and day 10 with a 3 g/l and a 6 g/l hop dose. The prepared beer was subsequently analysed for general characteristics, the beer foam stability, bitter hop acids, phenolic compounds, protein, selected micro- and macroelements and organic acids. Based on the measured data, there were found correlations between the observed beer parameter and the stablity of the beer foam. The results revealed that dry hopping in beer increases the content of the phenolic compounds and bitter substances, but its effect on the beer foam stability is negative.
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NADP-dehydrogenases of medicinal plants.
Bartošová, Martina ; Hýsková, Veronika (advisor) ; Kubíčková, Božena (referee)
Medicinal plants usually contain metabolites formed by secondary biosynthetic pathways for example phenylpropanoid and shikimate pathway, which depend on NAPDH availability. In this work total content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids was determined in 10 medicinal plants common for Czech Republic. Activity of enzymes providing NADPH was determined as well. These enzymes were glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH, EC 1.1.1.49), NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP-ICDH, EC 1.1.1.42), NADP-malic enzyme (oxalacetate decarboxylating) (NADP-ME, EC 1.1.1.40). The activity of shikimate dehydrogenase (SDH, EC 1.1.1.25), the main enzyme of shikimate pathway, was also determined. Extraction methods were optimized for each assessment. Applicable source for NADP-dependent enzymes are black radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. niger), garlic (Allium sativum L.) and mint (Mentha piperita L). The highest content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids was determined in sage (Salvia officinalis), lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) and Mentha citrata. Extraction with methanol was more effective than extraction with hot water. More extraction methods and studies are necessary for characterization of individual compounds and principals on which they work. Key words: medicinal plants, NADP-dependent enzymes, phenolic...
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Sulfates as phase II metabolites of natural phenolic compounds
Hetman, Anastasiia ; Mladěnka, Přemysl (advisor) ; Siatka, Tomáš (referee)
Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology Student: Anastasiia Hetman Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Přemysl Mladěnka, PharmD., Ph.D. Co-supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Kateřina Valentová, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: Sulfates as phase II metabolites of natural phenolic compounds Natural monophenolic compounds, which both occur in plants and are formed during gut microbiota metabolism of polyphenols, are absorbed and pass through phase II metabolism. This results in the formation of various conjugated metabolites, such as sulfates, whose biological activity was not studied as yet. This work focused on the preparation and isolation of pure sulfated metabolites of phenolic compounds, namely 4- methylcatechol, protocatechuic, homoprotocatechuic, and 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzoic acid, and phloroglucinol, using the aryl sulphotransferase from Desulfitobacterium hafniense. As a result, two sulfated products of sufficient purity were prepared, namely 4- methylcatechol-O-sulfate (an inseparable mixture of 4-methylcatechol-2-O-sulfate and 4- methylcatechol-1-O-sulfate) and phloroglucinol-O-sulfate. Their antioxidantactivity was evaluated and compared with the activity of the parent compounds using the following six in vitro tests: DPPH (1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and...
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Use of biochemical methods in the study of plant metabolism with emphasis on the defense system
Bělonožníková, Kateřina ; Ryšlavá, Helena (advisor) ; Luhová, Lenka (referee) ; Plchová, Helena (referee)
As sessile organisms, plants cannot avoid being exposed to various biotic and abiotic stress factors. To defend themselves plants have developed complex and sophisticated defense mechanisms. In agriculture, pesticides are used for plant protection, but they can have undesirable side effects, and therefore attention is being paid to biological control agents. One such agent is Pythium oligandrum, a soil oomycete that has a positive effect on plants at several levels. On the one hand, it secretes elicitins, which stimulate defensive responses and prepare the plant for possible infection (i.e., priming effect), and on the other hand, it produces tryptamine, a precursor of auxin, thus supporting the plant's growth. Furthermore, P. oligandrum directly acts as pathogen mycoparasite or evokes antibiosis, or competition for nutrients and space with other microorganisms. The key research topic of this thesis was the analysis of the biochemical properties of eleven Pythium strains and their impact on plant metabolism. Our results showed that even closely related P. oligandrum strains significantly differ in the content of compounds secreted into the medium, including proteins, amino acids, tryptamine, and hydrolytic enzymes capable of degrading cell walls (endo-β-1,3-glucanase, chitinase, and cellulase),...
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Properties of plant extracts
Bělonožníková, Kateřina ; Ryšlavá, Helena (advisor) ; Liberda, Jiří (referee)
Plants synthesize a wide variety of compounds called secondary metabolites. These compounds comprise products of the phenylpropanoid pathway (flavonoids, stilbens, anthocyanines and tannins), isoprenoids, and alkaloids. Since plant secondary metabolites seem to affect human health in a positive way, decrease the risk of some diseases such as cancer, diabetes type 2 and disorders of the cardiovascular system, their studies attract a lot of attention. The mechanism of the effect of individual compounds on human health has not been clarified yet, the positive effect is probably caused by their antioxidant capacity. In this work 22 extracts from different kinds of fruit and vegetables were prepared. The total content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, the antioxidant capacity by methods FRAP (ferric ion reducing antioxidant power) and ABTS [2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6- sulphonic acid)] were determined. High content of phenolic compounds was established in the extract from strawberry, cherry and kiwi, the highest antioxidant capacity was found in the extract from strawberry. Another studied attribute of extracts from fruit and vegetables was their influence on the activity of digestive enzymes pancreatic lipase and α-amylase. The extracts from lemon, red currant, jostaberry, lime and...
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Use of biochemical methods in the study of plant metabolism with emphasis on the defense system
Bělonožníková, Kateřina
As sessile organisms, plants cannot avoid being exposed to various biotic and abiotic stress factors. To defend themselves plants have developed complex and sophisticated defense mechanisms. In agriculture, pesticides are used for plant protection, but they can have undesirable side effects, and therefore attention is being paid to biological control agents. One such agent is Pythium oligandrum, a soil oomycete that has a positive effect on plants at several levels. On the one hand, it secretes elicitins, which stimulate defensive responses and prepare the plant for possible infection (i.e., priming effect), and on the other hand, it produces tryptamine, a precursor of auxin, thus supporting the plant's growth. Furthermore, P. oligandrum directly acts as pathogen mycoparasite or evokes antibiosis, or competition for nutrients and space with other microorganisms. The key research topic of this thesis was the analysis of the biochemical properties of eleven Pythium strains and their impact on plant metabolism. Our results showed that even closely related P. oligandrum strains significantly differ in the content of compounds secreted into the medium, including proteins, amino acids, tryptamine, and hydrolytic enzymes capable of degrading cell walls (endo-β-1,3-glucanase, chitinase, and cellulase),...
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Characterization of plum oil and its use in cosmetics
Kaňovská, Zuzana ; Němcová, Andrea (referee) ; Szotkowski, Martin (advisor)
The aim of this bachelor thesis was to characterize plum kernel oil and to explore its possible use in the cosmetics industry. The theoretical part of the thesis is a research on the properties of vegetable oils in general, plum kernel oil and other kernel oils. In the experimental part, the oil was characterized in terms of the profile of fatty acids, phenolic compounds and tocopherols. Body lotion was also prepared, containing plum kernel oil, for which hydration and barrier properties were determined. Pure plum kernel oil and body lotion were tested for antimicrobial activity.
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Biologically active substances of the Gotu kola plant
Šumberová, Michaela ; Nábělek, Jakub (referee) ; Zemanová, Jana (advisor)
The Bachelor thesis focuses on the preparation and characterization of the extract of Gotu kola (Centella asiatica). The theoretical part summarizes commonly analyzed groups of biologically active compounds of herbs and introduces potential applications of the extract in food industry. Moreover, an overview of possibly used extraction methods and analytical methods for the evaluation of biologically active compounds of the extract are presented. As for the experiment, the extract of the fresh Centella asiatica herb was prepared by maceration in ethanol and then analyzed by three chosen methods. The total phenolic content of the extract analyzed by the Folin-Ciocalteu test was 0.74 ± 0.08 mgGAE·g-1. As for the quantification of antioxidant activity, the TEAC test was performed and the antioxidant activity of the extract was 289 ± 81 µg·ml-1. The volatiles present in the extract were identified by gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry in combination with solid-phase micro-extraction. Sesquiterpenoid hydrocarbons were the most dominant group of the extract, in which -farnesene (33.28 %), -caryophyllene (25.01 %), and -humulene (20.91 %) were the major compounds.
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Sulfates as phase II metabolites of natural phenolic compounds
Hetman, Anastasiia ; Mladěnka, Přemysl (advisor) ; Siatka, Tomáš (referee)
Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology Student: Anastasiia Hetman Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Přemysl Mladěnka, PharmD., Ph.D. Co-supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Kateřina Valentová, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: Sulfates as phase II metabolites of natural phenolic compounds Natural monophenolic compounds, which both occur in plants and are formed during gut microbiota metabolism of polyphenols, are absorbed and pass through phase II metabolism. This results in the formation of various conjugated metabolites, such as sulfates, whose biological activity was not studied as yet. This work focused on the preparation and isolation of pure sulfated metabolites of phenolic compounds, namely 4- methylcatechol, protocatechuic, homoprotocatechuic, and 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzoic acid, and phloroglucinol, using the aryl sulphotransferase from Desulfitobacterium hafniense. As a result, two sulfated products of sufficient purity were prepared, namely 4- methylcatechol-O-sulfate (an inseparable mixture of 4-methylcatechol-2-O-sulfate and 4- methylcatechol-1-O-sulfate) and phloroglucinol-O-sulfate. Their antioxidantactivity was evaluated and compared with the activity of the parent compounds using the following six in vitro tests: DPPH (1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and...
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