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Holocene Climatic Optimum in the Iranian region: geoarchaeological and climatological study in relation to human settlement
MARŠÁK, Daniel
This thesis collects previous knowledge and information about palaeoenvironmental and archaeological situation in the area of Iran primarily from the Holocene Climatic Optimum period, sometimes called as Altithermal. Holocene Climatic Optimum is characterized by high temperatures and high intensity of atmospheric precipitation and it lasts from 9000 cal. BP to 5000-6000 cal. BP. The research work aims to map the process of the human settlement as a result of warm Climate Changes. This will be accomplished by making a contribution of Geoarchaeological and Palaeoclimatic proxies which are going to introduce and reconstruct forming conditions for the human settlement. Significant element of the thesis is identification of the Hunter-Gatherer societies and interception theirs agricultural transition. The most important area for this transition is Southwestern part of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Khuzestan Province, Lorestan Province, Ilam Province). The Zagros Mountains which "include" these Provinces will be subjected to the depth analysis.
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Population structure, migration and dynamics in Africa and Arabia
Čížková, Martina ; Černý, Viktor (advisor) ; Frynta, Daniel (referee) ; Zrzavý, Jan (referee)
In addition to the interaction of evolutionary forces, the population history of the African Sahel and Arabia has been influenced by the spread of Neolithic cultural innovations. The reflection of these processes today is a very complex structured diversity of the current populations, which is presented here through the analysis of several genetic markers. The aim is to provide a comprehensive view of the history of demographic processes in the Sahel and Arabia, by combining genetic, linguistic, subsistence and geographical data obtained from local populations. A study of a large dataset of mtDNA sequences showed that Arabia was a major crossroads in gene flow, and although it was colonized by anatomically modern humans from East Africa, today's differentiation from Africa is greater than the differentiation between local populations in these regions. Even the Sahel was an important biocorridor in the past. Today, we encounter populations of various subsistence strategies (nomadic pastoralists and settled farmers), between which gene flow has been severely restricted. A comparison of uniparently inherited loci in both groups points to different migratory activity in the eastern and western parts of the Sahel. Analyzes of Alu elements, which indicated the inclination of West African herders (Fulbs)...
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A wolf is waiting behind the fence. Multispecies coexistence in Broumovsko region in the Anthropocene
Senft, Lukáš ; Stöckelová, Tereza (advisor) ; Brož, Luděk (referee)
This diploma thesis traces the changing human, animal and technology assemblage after the recent emergence of wolf packs in Broumov region. As the return of wolves coincides with ecological transformations gaining in strength, the central research focus are the possibilities - and impossibilities - of local multispecies coexistence in the conditions of Anthropocene. The research draws upon methods of multispecies ethnography, building on the literature that examines the ontological aspects of multispecies coexistence, including primarily the work of Donna Haraway, Eduardo Kohn, Annemarie Mol, Anna Tsing and Rane Willerslev. The thesis analyzes several modes of situated multispecies coexistence which have been reconfigured or made possible by the return of wolves: administrative and sensual practice of shepherds, methods of mimetic empathy of wolf trackers, emergence of new actors interfering with local events (satellites, subsidy programmes, drought) and the translation of processes on pastures into politically engaged activities of local farmers. The thesis develops the employed concepts in such a way that they enable analyzing the situation in Broumov region as situated making of more-than-human sociality. Key words: multispecies ethnography, wolfs, pastoralism, trackers, more-than-human sociality
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Venkovské osídlení a jeho transformace na příkadu Moravskoslezských Beskyd a jejich podhůří
Kraut, Jan
For last two centuries many changes has been passing through czech countryside. This features are different from region to region and we can see its results on settlement, landscape or society transformation. The paper is mapping ths features on countryside settlement in east part of hte Czech republic. This region was colonized as last part of the Czech republic and it has a lot of specifics. That´s why there are specific settlement structure and landscape using which are destroyed by large industrialization and urbanization. The charakter, continuity and qualities of area are hard to identify and to interpret.
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Cattle Domestication and pastoralism in the African Sahel
Salajková, Veronika ; Černý, Viktor (advisor) ; Kyselý, René (referee)
Breeding of domesticated animals was one of the most important events which led to a significant progress in the history of mankind. Domestication appeared in several places simultaneously and inhabitants of these areas gained a considerable advantage in comparison with their hunters- gatherers ancestors. Fertile Crescent in the Near East, where many useful animals were domesticated, cattle included, was most important of them. In sub-Saharan territory gradual introduction of pastoral farming was limited for example by incidence of serious diseases in certain areas. In addition, Sahara, which in the past used to be a very favourable pastoral territory, in the progress of time started to change into despairing desert and the onset of devastating drought forced local inhabitants to move to the area of Sahel and to engage with cattle breeding. Due to the reduction of other natural sources local inhabitants had to draw attention to milk production which became an important source of food. Some of them have not left this life strategy up to the present time.
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Lactase Persistence in the Tuareg Pastoralists
Šmídková, Lucie ; Černý, Viktor (advisor) ; Brůžek, Jaroslav (referee)
Lactase persistence (LP) is a genetically determined trate caused by the expression of lactase in adulthood. Lactase is the intestinal enzyme responsible for digestion of milk sugar, lactose. Its production in the small intestine decreases during the childhood, this physiological condition is called lactose intolerance. However, in some individuals production of this enzyme is not stopped. The persistence of lactase activity is a recent phenomenon, which arose independently in several parts of the world over the past roughly 10,000 years, in connection with the emergence of agriculture, specifically milk production and is (likely) still under strong selection pressure. LP was first observed in Europe, where it is associated with a mutation -13 910*T. Frequency of this mutation correlates with latitude. In Africa, the presence of LP is conversely associated with herding and falls under the hypothesis of genetic and cultural co-evolution associated with cattle and the use of secondary food sources. Pastoral populations living in different areas of Africa have different LP mutations that are linked to their origin. Although many investigation on LP have already been carried out, neither analysed the Tuareg populations. This study is focused on the analysis LP mutations in 93 samples of Tuaregs from...
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Population of African Sahel according to phylogeography of Eurasian haplogroups
Kulichová, Iva ; Černý, Viktor (advisor) ; Macholán, Miloš (referee)
The thesis is focused on two mtDNA haplogroups of Eurasian origin that occur mostly among the Fulani, herders of the African Sahel. On the initial analysis 544 DNA samples from unrelated Fulani individuals were used. These samples were classified to haplogroups according to hypervariable segment I (HVS-I) of mtDNA and subsequently, specific Eurasian haplotypes were chosen for the whole mtDNA genome sequencing. Obtained mito-genomes were assigned to phylogenetic trees and dated. It turned out that they belonged to haplogroups U5b1b1b and H1ca1a with the probable origin in the Iberian Peninsula, presumably in Franco-Cantabrian refugium where their ancestors originated in the period between the Late Glacial and the first half of the Holocene. Afterwards they migrated through the Strait of Gibraltar to North Africa and the Sahara, where the proto-Fulani pastoral population was being formed. It may also be assumed that a part of this population came to Africa from the Near East, along with cattle. In the second half of the Holocene, this pastoral population migrated from the drying Sahara to the Sahel. Probably due to small number of female migrants the females from the local populations were integrated, which explains the major representation of West African mtDNA haplogroups in contemporary Fulani....
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Educational Methods of Mongolian Nomads. Habitual practice in selceted localities
Makúch, Branislav ; Oberfalzerová, Alena (advisor) ; Zikmundová, Veronika (referee)
This study describes the contemporary educational methods of Mongolian nomads from chosen sample locations of the Hangai mountains. It has been completed on the basis of three field research trips conducted in these locations. Recordings of guided interviews and notes based upon involved observation serve as the source material for this study. Mongolian culture is at a turning point, as it is influenced by many elements of the world of Western civilization as well as by modern technologies; these latter are becoming a part of the nomad's daily life to an ever greater extent. These elements are revealed through the comparison of past and contemporary educational methods, children's games and the recollections of elder nomads. It also reveals itself in the comparison of past and contemporary educational institutions. Nevertheless, traditional culture and certain aspects of ethno pedagogy still remain very much alive. It is largely the elders who regard these traditions with much esteem and try to pass them down to younger generations.
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Material culture in the Orava. Mountain alpine farming.
Gošová, Tereza ; Štěpánová, Irena (advisor) ; Pargač, Jan (referee)
This bachelor's thesis deals with the tradition of Alpine dairy farming in Slovakia, which has been developing since the 15th or 16th century due to the influence of the Wallachian colonization. The individual chapters of the thesis discuss the cycle of the traditional shepherd's work during the year, the seasonal work during the warm part of the year and also the daily routine and its organization as well as the material culture of the shepherds including their architecture and their diet. The historical passages of the thesis outline the development of the Alpine dairy farming society and the ways in which it works. We also take heed of the individual shepherds within this scope, detailing their professional hierarchy and job description, from the chief shepherd to the lowest-ranking member of their society.
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Documentation of Natural park Džbány - Žebrák (Czech Republic)
Suková, Hana ; Skalický, Milan (advisor) ; Novák, Jan (referee)
The theme of this thesis is the documentation Nature Park Džbány - Žebrák. The aim of this work is its field documentation, which is focused on peak Džbány, wooded ridge top Žebrák, Kališťské louky and Louky u Budenína. At the same time it will also cover the biodiversity of individual sites. This thesis consists of two parts, namely the theoretical and the practical. The introduction of the theoretical part is devoted to the Nature Park Džbány - Žebrák, both its history - that his legal establishment - and its very definition. Subsequently, the conditions for the protection of the park will be described. In general, then I will mention the management of the nature parks. This theoretical part is followed by the practical part, which in the beginning will focus on vegetation of Nature Park Džbány - Žebrák and its characteristics. Here I will build mainly on the fieldwork research of Ochrana fauny ČR, which was carried out during the years 2007 to 2010. This is completed by my knowledge of the field documentation, which I made from 19 to 21 April 2014 and from 19 to 20 July of the same year, led by the manager of the micro-region Ing. Eliška Melicharová. After characterizing the natural vegetation of the park a part of the work is also devoted to botanical inventory of Nature Park Džbány -- Žebrák, which was performed in the already mentioned research of Ochrana fauny ČR. Naturally, neither mammals, nor amphibians, nor birds, which occur in Nature Park Džbány - Žebrák, will be left out. The work also focuses on the economy of the micro-region Džbány, which I consulted with Ing. Eliška Melicharová on 25 October 2014 and with Miloš Tomeš, the chairman of Družstvo Džbány, in early 2015.
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