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Essays on Environmental and Health Economics
Kyrychenko, Olexiy ; Gaule, Patrick (advisor) ; Fichera, Eleonora (referee) ; Mohnen, Myra (referee)
Essays on Environmental and Health Economics Olexiy Kyrychenko Abstract In the first chapter, we examine the impact of temperature on manufacturing production in India and the underlying mechanisms. Using plant-level manufacturing data and satellite- based temperature estimates from 1998-2007, we find that the relationship between temperature and output exhibits an inverted U-shape, with especially large losses occurring at extreme cold and hot temperatures. Such nonlinearity provides valuable insight into the potential welfare consequences of climate change. Back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that a 1řC shift in the annual distribution of daily temperature would lead to net losses in manufacturing output of 1.3% or USD 0.6 billion, equivalent to a 0.5% reduction in India's GDP 2007 through the manufacturing sector alone. The estimated temperature-output relationship is driven by the joint effects of temperature on total factor productivity and capital. This finding has important implications for adaptation. The manufacturing sector can adapt to changing climate by reducing the sensitivity of labor productivity to temperature and by making investments in machinery. Labor-related adjustments can also contribute to adaptation by offsetting direct productivity losses or facilitating labor reallocation....
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Environmental regulations, air pollution, and infant mortality in India: a reexamination
Kyrychenko, Olexiy
This paper reexamines empirical evidence on the effectiveness of environmental regulations in India from a recent study by Greenstone and Hanna (GH, 2014). GH report that air pollution control policies in India were effective in improving air quality but had a modest and statistically insignificant effect on infant mortality. These somewhat counterintuitive findings are likely to stem from the limited availability of ground-based air pollution data used in GH and the absence of critical meteorological confounders. I leverage recent advances in satellite technology and GH’s methodology to test the sensitivity of their findings to revised air pollution outcomes, an extended number of observations, and meteorological controls. Despite striking differences between the two datasets, reexamination using satellite-based data confirms the conclusions drawn from GH’s data. The effects of the policies are, however, substantially weaker. The paper urges further research on the effectiveness of environmental regulations in developing countries and the use of satellite imagery in the examination of this important question.
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Princip nákladové přiměřenosti v právních předpisech EU v oblasti životního prostředí: ponaučení z implementace ochrany vod a ovzduší
Brabec, Jan ; Jílková, Jiřina (advisor) ; Knápek, Jaroslav (referee) ; Slavíková, Lenka (referee)
Environmental legislation in the European Union recognizes the principle of proportionality as a tool that helps identify cases that require spending of disproportionate resources to achieve environmental targets. If economic costs of achieving a certain target are significantly higher than associated benefits, an exemption may be granted to prevent wasting resources on measures with only a negligible effect on the environment. The principle is well established in water protection by means of the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) and in air protection through the Industrial Emissions Directive (2010/75/EU). In theory, such setting should ensure more efficient and robust water and air protection. However, with no unified methodology and a high level of discretion given to individual member states, the process of assessing proportionality has become very heterogenous. As a result, methodologies used across Europe often differ from each other significantly, possibly distorting the original idea of equal treatment of European water bodies and sources of air pollution. The goal of this thesis is to determine whether the use of the proportionality principle in water and air protection contributes to more efficient environmental protection in the EU and whether the principle is used consistently in...
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The impact of the EU ETS in the Czech Republic
Tomášková, Lenka ; Ščasný, Milan (advisor) ; Janda, Karel (referee)
This thesis examines the environmental effect of the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) in the Czech Republic. Specifically, the impact of the EU ETS on CO2 emissions, carbon-fuel intensity and carbon intensity of production (measured by revenues) is analysed on installation-level financial, environmental and energy data throughout all three phases of the EU ETS over 2005 - 2019. The difference-in-differences approach with propensity score matching is used to infer the causal effect of the regulation. We find no effect of the EU ETS on carbon emissions and carbon intensities in the Czech Republic. This finding holds for various model specifications and different approaches we utilised. In the end, we discuss possible reasons why the EU ETS might not lead to any significant effect in the Czech Republic. JEL Classification O13, F18, Q54, Q58, H23, D22 Keywords EU ETS, environmental regulation, propen- sity score matching, difference-in-differences, the Czech Republic Title The impact of the EU ETS in the Czech Repub- lic
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Modelování dopadů environmentální daňové reformy: II
Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, Institut pro ekonomickou a ekologickou politiky ; Univerzita Karlova v Praze, Centrum pro otázky životního prostředí ; Tauferová, Michaela ; Vítek, Leoš ; Jílková, Jiřina ; Pavel, Jiří ; Melichar, Jan ; Máca, Vojtěch ; Ščasný, Milan
Zpráva shrnuje výsledky projektu v těchto kapitolách: Fungování stávajících nástrojů regulace, Analýza dopadů regulace predikčními a simulačními modely, Přehled a stručné shrnutí modelů rozvíjených a užitých v projektu, Scénáře pro modelování v roce 2010, Analýza externích nákladů, ekonomické nástroje environmentální regulace a odhad míry internalizace externalit v energetice, Analýza nákladů na zamezení pro velké spalovací zdroje, Modely obecné rovnováhy CZEGE3, Predikce dopadů regulačních politik v oblasti životního prostředí, makroekonomickým modelem E3ME, Sestavení modelu a aplikace optimalizačního modelu Message pro posouzení dopadů environmentální daňové reformy, Administrativní a transakční náklady zavedení druhé fáze EDR, Horizontální aktivity a shrnutí výstupů za rok 2010, Hodnocení externích nákladů energetiky analýzou drah dopadů: Popis metodiky.
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Environmental Kuznets Curve in Czech Republic: Application in the Case of Air Pollution
Mádr, Marek ; Šauer, Petr (advisor) ; Dvořák, Antonín (referee)
This thesis addresses the subject of environmental Kuznets curve (EKC). EKC is a model expressing the relationship of economic development and environmental damage. The chosen topic is relevant in connection with ongoing discussions relating to global warming and the impact of human activity on this phenomenon. The concept would give us many clues to the future development of pollution not only in developing countries. The paper examines whether research into the relationship of economic development the country and harming the environment makes sense. The paper also seeks to contribute to confirm or refute the concept of the EKC for specific situations. Specifically, the EKC model validation for selected indicators of environmental pollution in the Czech Republic. The main methods of work are research of literature and empirical analysis. Searches of papers and other publications relating to the concept of EKC is shown in the first part. The second part is devoted to empirical testing EKC for various pollutants in the Example of the Czech Republic. Main result of a literature research is that empirical validation of EKC model makes sense. The work with results of those researches has to be very careful. Main output of own research is verifying the validity of EKC model for selected air pollutants in Czech Republic.
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The Analysis of the Concept of the Environmental Kuznets Curve
Kollertová, Petra ; Dvořák, Antonín (advisor) ; Hadrabová, Alena (referee)
The environmental protection is often in conflict with catching up the highest economic level of the country. In some developed countries the higher economic level means also the higher pollution of the environment. Indeed, this is applied only till one point -- the turning point -- from which the trend is applied vice-versa, the higher the economic prosperity of the country, the lower the pollution of the environment. This phenomenon is in environmental economics called the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). Diploma thesis focuses on the analysis of the EKC, from detailed description of the theoretic and econometric framework, factors influencing the EKC, to crucial studies which were published in this area of economics. In connection with the factors influencing EKC the thesis underline the important role of the environmental regulation and state or international ecologic policy, which the work is dealing in initiate part with. The aim of the work is to analyze if the EKC hypothesis is valid in reality or not. Furthermore the diploma thesis targets also the situation of the developing countries -- if they have to go through the same path as nowadays developed countries or if they on the contrary use their experiences.
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