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Cognitive Biases in Legal Thinking
Zaklaiová, Vanda ; Žák Krzyžanková, Katarzyna (advisor) ; Maršálek, Pavel (referee)
Cognitive Biases in Legal Thinking Abstract This diploma thesis addresses the phenomenon of cognitive biases in legal thinking, i.e., it connects the latest findings in psychology and behavioural economics with various areas of law. It aims to introduce selected illusions of mind to the reader, especially those most significantly affecting not only judges, forensic experts or attorneys, but also legislators and policy-makers, as well as general public when they come into contact with law. The thesis also presents ways of eliminating the negative influence of biases on law and justice (to the extent possible), and even suggests appropriate use of them for the benefit of the society as a whole. The thesis is therefore a review study, mostly based on the analysis of dozens of empirical studies, which on one hand informs the readers about the errors resulting from the cognitive biases, and on the other hand encourages application of the proposed methods of eliminating the negative impact of errors in readers' own legal practice - or at least encourages them to take the analysed biases into account. The introduction briefly explains why lawyers should take the latest findings in the field of cognitive and behavioural sciences into account. Furthermore, it explains what heuristics and cognitive biases are, and...
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The filter bubble and its consequences
Riva, Alexandra ; Šlerka, Josef (advisor) ; Souček, Martin (referee)
The bachelor thesis focuses on negative consequences of personalized social sites called "The Filter Bubble". As for example, bachelor thesis focuses on Facebook, the typical social media platform which tailors its services to our personal preferences. The main question of the bachelor thesis is whether we are aware of negative consequences caused by filter bubble and how filtered information effects our worldview. The aim of this work is to introduces the term "Filter Bubble", evaluate benefits and risks and map awareness of the issue within a specific group of Facebook users using semi-structured interviews. Research uses qualitative method in line with Hendl J. (2005, 2nd ed.). Presented results of the research report how is the issue perceived by respondents and whether they are aware of the Filter Bubble. At the same time, the results present basis for a future research.
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Receiving information about politics and public events in filter bubbles in the Facebook environment
Halaštová, Eliška ; Císař, Ondřej (advisor) ; Mitrenga, David (referee)
This thesis describes the acceptance of information about politics and public life in filtered bubbles through Facebook. It tries to show the new phenomenon of filtered bubbles, which may have an impact on the quality of the information awareness of the general citizenry. Considering that theories of representative democracy usually describe well-informed citizens as one of the conditions of a functional democracy, the thesis considers whether or not informational isolation caused by the bubbles may have an impact on the quality of democracy in a given country. It goes on to describe how the Facebook algorithm helps to informationally isolate users in two distinct groups - fans and opponents of the Czech Prime Minister, Andrej Babiš. It shows the difference in the reception of information in different informational bubbles. A content analysis of posts in both Facebook groups, paired with an analysis of interviews with participants, shows that opinion groups differ in their reception of information, meaning that they also differ in the diversity of information received, the quality of info, the trust in public service media and a willingness to discuss. Conversely, common themes in reception of information include a growth in the importance of Facebook as a media source, a transition from active searches for...
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Fake News: Methods of assessing and verifying news by their recipients
Čajanková, Kateřina ; Kasík, Pavel (advisor) ; Poljakov, Nikita (referee)
The diploma thesis "Fake News: Methods of assessing and verifying fake news by their recipients" is focused on the ways of evaluating media content by their recipients and the factors that affect the assessment process in the context of fake news phenomenon. The purpose of the thesis is to find out how people perceive the content they read; what affects their perception; and what are the criteria that govern their assessment. The theoretical part first defines the concept of fake (false) news, among other things in connection with the overuse of the term fake news. In the next chapters, the current role of the media and the issue of credibility and trust in the media are approached. The conclusion of the theoretical part discusses the social and psychological assumptions that affect the perception and actions of recipients. The second part presents the research background of this thesis. The research is based on a combination of qualitative and quantitative inquiry. The qualitative approach is focused on the description of the processes and criteria used by the recipients in assessing and verifying the news. Data collection is therefore realized through eight semi-structured interviews, which are analysed by the open coding method. The quantitative research part is based on hypotheses about the...
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Psychological aspects of evidence assessment
Hurych, Jan ; Kosek, Jan (advisor) ; Agha, Petr (referee)
Psychological aspects of evidence evaluation: Abstract The diploma thesis focuses on the topic of judging and decision-making within the process of evidence evaluation. Its main goal is to identify and describe cognitive illusions which can have a negative impact on the process of evidence evaluation. The mutual position of psychology and law in also considered within introductory chapters. The decision making of the judges is initially described by theoretical models. Three cognitive illusions that are essential for evidence evaluation are described in the following chapter. It is anchoring heuristic, hindsight bias and confirmation bias. Eventually risks, which these cognitive illusions represent for evidence evaluation, are described and forms of countermeasures are discussed. One chapter of the thesis is devoted to the description of ego depletion, which could pose another limit for the process of evidence evaluation. Ego depletion describes decline of self-control in cases which demand conscious effort. The judges are probably in a risk of ego depletion. This phenomenon can lead to higher vulnerability towards cognitive illusions and stronger tendency to maintain status quo. Possible countermeasures are described and discussed on one hand against anchoring, hindsight and confirmation bias and on the...
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Zmírňování kognitivních zkreslení: Jak udělat rozhodování v byznyse racionálnější?
Kučera, Tomáš ; Cingl, Lubomír (advisor) ; Potužák, Pavel (referee)
The thesis is concerned with cognitive biases, especially with confirmation bias, and with various approaches to their mitigation. It elaborates on three main categories of debiasing strategies, namely increasing incentives, adjusting the environment in order to avoid or offset the bias, and training people in recognizing the situations in which a bias occurs and in mitigating the effects of the bias. An experiment in which the patterns of information selection and the effects of a debiasing training were investigated is reported. The results show that participants exhibited confirmation bias both in the selection of information and in the information processing, and that debiasing training effectively decreased the level of confirmation bias by 33 % at the 5% significance level. The debiasing training took the form of a short video which included information about confirmation bias and its impact on judgement, and mitigation strategies.
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The filter bubble and its consequences
Riva, Alexandra ; Šlerka, Josef (advisor) ; Souček, Martin (referee)
The bachelor thesis focuses on negative consequences of personalized social sites called "The Filter Bubble". As for example, bachelor thesis focuses on Facebook, the typical social media platform which tailors its services to our personal preferences. The main question of the bachelor thesis is whether we are aware of negative consequences caused by filter bubble and how filtered information effects our worldview. The aim of this work is to introduces the term "Filter Bubble", evaluate benefits and risks and map awareness of the issue within a specific group of Facebook users using semi-structured interviews. Research uses qualitative method in line with Hendl J. (2005, 2nd ed.). Presented results of the research report how is the issue perceived by respondents and whether they are aware of the Filter Bubble. At the same time, the results present basis for a future research.
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