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Human rights and equality
Kalous, Jiří ; Jirsa, Jakub (advisor) ; Cíbik, Matej (referee)
Problem of the conception of good in John Rawls's theory of justice Řešitel: Jiří Kalous Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Jakub Jirsa, Ph.D. Abstract A Theory of Justice written by John Rawls is one of the most influential books concerning distributive justice which were written in political philosophy during the twentieth century and as such it has raised a lot of critical reactions since its publication. Conception of the good held by Rawls, which is crucial for accepting the whole theory of justice as fairness, has a prominent postition among disputable places of the theory. Thomas Nagel was one of the philosophers who pointed out this possible controversy. This thesis critically evaluates Nagel's argumentation and examines degree of its relevancy.
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Apoštol Pavel a filosofie: Studie k politické teologii a její recepci v soudobé filosofii
Hanyš, Milan ; Sokol, Jan (advisor) ; Skovajsa, Marek (referee) ; Barša, Pavel (referee)
The thesis offers an interpretation of Paul's political thought and political theology in the context of current philosophy. The first part presents a methodological basis of the work: the concept of political theology is conceived as a methodological tool that enables us to concentrate on interrelations and mutual effects of religion and politics and to expose implicit or explicit political meanings and implications of religious ideas. The second methodological subchapter deals with Max Weber's approach to "economic ethics of world religions": Weber concentrates on historical crossroads and switches which are a result of random chain of coincidences and factors forming a specific relation to values (Wertbeziehung) which enables us to understand further historical development. Paul's missionary activity and theology is seen as such historical crossroad with far- reaching social consequences. Another part elaborately deals with the most important and influential interpretations of Paul in current non-Christian philosophy: Jacob Taubes, Alain Badiou, Giorgio Agamben. The attention is given not only to presentation of their interpretations but also to utilizations and interpretative gaps, which could be observed in the way these authors read and understand Paul. Though for different reasons, for all of them...
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Spinoza's concept of democracy
Brzkovská, Eliška ; Kučera, Jan (advisor) ; Franěk, Jakub (referee)
This thesis deals with the concept of democracy in the works of the Dutch philosopher Benedict Spinoza, specifically in his Theologico-Political Treatise and Political Treatise. Spinoza's contribution to the modern political thought is based on the fact that he is one of the first political thinkers claiming that democracy is the best possible form of government. In this thesis, Spinoza's conception of democracy is presented within the context of the period in which his works were written, the events that could have contributed to the forming of his view, and other philosophers whose works influenced his works, directly or indirectly. Furthermore, this paper focuses on the basic elements of Spinoza's philosophy, which forms a coherent systém in which his political philosophy is related to his metaphysical insights. The main part of this paper consists of interpretation of Spinoza's thoughts on democracy in the Theologico-Political Treatise and unfinished Political Treatise. The aim of this thesis is to clarify how Spinoza understands the concept of democracy and the importance of democracy in the context of his works. This thesis also focuses on reasons that led Spinoza to consider democracy the best form of government, and the arguments used to advocate this claim.
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The Liturgy of Revolution: Political Theory of Patrick Pearse between Catholicism and Modernism
Ruczaj, Maciej ; Pilný, Ondřej (advisor) ; Markus, Radvan (referee) ; Ní Ghaibhí, Róisín (referee)
Dublin Easter Rising of 1916 is widely recognized as an example of an intersection between nationalism and religion due to its use of the Christian symbolism of redemption via sacrifice. The religious aura, surrounding its leader and main ideologue, Patrick Pearse, was both a source of his posthumous "triumph" - the Irish independence shaped to a large extent by his legacy, and his "black legend" of the spiritual father of the sectarian violence in the twentieth century Irish politics. Due to the high degree of politicization of the debate over Pearse's role in Irish history, his intellectual legacy was rarely treated sine ira et studio. After a delineation of the problematic legacy of Pearse in the context of Irish Studies and the general introduction to the theme of the relations between nationalism and religion, this work proceeds to the re-examination of the place of religion in Pearse's thought. Pearse's conceptualization of Irish nationalism should be perceived as a synthesis emerging from the interplay between his deep indebtedness to the religious mind-frame and the Romantic and modernist influences that shaped the atmosphere of the pre-1914 Europe. It is based on a structural analogy between the Church and the nation. The analogy is created by means of a mechanism of the transposition of...
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Freedom and Ethical Life; Hegel's Conception of Freedom in Elements of the Philophy of Right
Zelenda Kupcová, Adéla ; Karásek, Jindřich (advisor) ; Sobotka, Milan (referee)
Práce se zaměřuje na pojetí svobody v praktické filozofii G. W. F. Hegela a jejím vztahem k etice, konkrétně k moralitě a mravnosti. Zkoumán je i vztah svobody a společenských struktur, v nichž jedinec žije a svou svobodu nejen realizuje, ale i získává. Cílem práce je zohlednit možný vliv Hegelova pojetí svobody na současné otázky a problémy a k jejich reflexi v politické filozofii a sdělit, jaký přínos může mít Hegelova praktická filosofie pro současnou filozofii i společenské vědy jako takové. Práce vychází zejména z Hegelova spisu Základy filosofie práva, ale přihlíží i k jeho Filosofii dějin a Fenomenologii ducha. KLÍČOVÁ SLOVA: politická filosofie; Hegel; svoboda; etika; moralita; mravnost ABSTRACT: This work is focused on the concept of freedom in the practical philosophy of G. W. F. Hegel and its relation to ethics, specifically the morality and ethical life. Also researched is the relation of freedom and social structures in which individual lives and in which is his freedom not only realized but also gained. The goal of the work is to consider the influence of Hegel's practical philosophy on contemporary questions and problems and to its reflection in political philosophy. The answer should be, what kind of contribution may Hegel's philosophy have for contemporary philosophy and social...
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Biopower and autonomism
Poppr, Martin ; Petříček, Miroslav (advisor) ; Kouba, Petr (referee)
Martin Poppr : Biopower and autonomism (abstract of bachelor thesis) The main subject of the thesis is the relationship between an individual and the society. My goal is to find out the origin of the social authority, society cares, and the society control. My work will as well question the relationship between the knowledge and the power, and if both of them are in some way relied to the violence. My work will be based in the philosophy of Michel Foucault, his archeology of knowledge and his studies of the society. I will try to find out how is the knowledge defined by its own discourse. The discourse is a special form of a social power. I will focus my work on the question, how is every human being influenced by the social power and the power of discourse. I will also stay focused on the topic reading few more authors. I will follow Gilles Deleuze developing Foucault's concept of "bio-power", leading us from the age of "Enlightenment" to the present. Foucault himself finds as a good way, how to study the power, to study the forms of the political resistance. That is why I will also focus my attention on the philosophy of "autonomism".
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Political philosophy of Lord Acton and its influence on the political thought of 20th century
Virdzek, Andrej ; Charvát, Jan (advisor) ; Šimsa, Martin (referee)
The Bachelor thesis presented here is concerned with the political philosophy of British historian Lord Acton and its influence on the political thought of 20th century. The aim of the thesis was to present Actons political thought in the environment of 19th century Britain and to show its influence on the political thought of 20th century. Actons political philosophy was concerned with many problems of Victorian age and his philosophy deals with many contemporary and historical issues. Because of this, I had to put emphasis only on some aspects of Actons political thought. Mainly on the theoretical fusion of Catholicism and Liberalism. The thesis is divided into three parts: In the first part I present Actons conception of liberty. Through the term of liberty I try to show the basis of his liberal philosophy. Every attempt to systematize Actons philosophy must start mainly with this term of liberty, because it was central in his thinking. Also his understanding of the word liberty is one of the things that distinguishes Acton from other thinkers, because it implicitly contains main premises of ethical teachings of the church. The second part talks mainly about Actons evaluation of the French revolution. I find this historical event very interesting and indespensable in the way that it presents to us how...
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Political Philosophy of John Gray
Černý, Kryštof ; Znoj, Milan (advisor) ; Bíba, Jan (referee)
Precis The Political philosophy of John Gray touches a number of topics and also has gone thrue a couple of modifications. However this thesis aims to show that there can be found a consistent political doctrine of agonistic liberalism in Gray's thought that arises from his critigue of rationalistic theories of liberalism. Agonistic liberalism is based on the naturalistic ethical theory of value-pluralism which Gray adopted whit some modifications from Isaiah Berlin. On the ground of incommensurability and uncombinability of some values within individuel lives as well as within life forms Gray comes to conclusion that the conflict of values is ineradicable part of our lives. And that's the reason why any legel or political theory cannot set up a set of liberal principles that could claim universal validity. That is why Gray sets up the concept of modus vivendi, political ideal of coexistence of individuals, groups and societies based on mutual toleration. With regard to the rational indeterminacy of conflicts over values, according to agonistic liberalism these conflict has to by resolved by political means.
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Is the concept of human rights fictitious? Jürgen Habermas' postmetaphysical conception of human rights.
Lysoňková, Michala ; Znoj, Milan (advisor) ; Barša, Pavel (referee)
Human rights are the pervasive practical and political concept, discussed in various branches: political and legal philosophy, political science or jurisprudence. In the diploma thesis, this concept is discussed in the framework of political philosophy. An author's basic question: Is the concept of human rights plausible (rationally valid) in the postmetaphysical situation as well, and if so, which rights are possible to specify as "human"? This question is asked in view of contemporary (content, spatial and symbolical) expansion of human rights and solved in light of Jürgen Habermas' conception of human rights. Habermas' conception of human rights represents probably the most significant rational attempt to reformulate this concept in the postmetaphysical situation. His foundation is apparently free from the burden of all anthropological presuppositions, connected with a pristine articulation of the rights of man. As we know, these presuppositions also resound in the legal concept of human dignity. After the problem definition, a historical excursus on the field of rational natural law and basic characterization of the postmetaphysical situation, an analysis and evaluation of presuppositions intrinsic to Habermas' "linguistificated" conception of human rights follow - i.e. universal pragmatics,...
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Vzestup náboženství v mezinárodních vztazích (Religion's Rise in IR)
Dravecký, Pavol ; Kratochvíl, Petr (advisor) ; Minárik, Pavol (referee)
This work attempts to identify the sources of the difference between the Christian Left and Right; How is it possible that people who share such a detailed creed can be so strictly opposed when it comes to politics? My hypothesis is that the conflict is engendered by different conceptions of will and the body. To test this hypothesis, I first present a brief history of the relationship between Christianity and politics up to the present state of the Christian versions of Right and Left, to finally find that while their understanding of human will is virtually identical, the human body is seen in opposing terms. Nevertheless, I equally conclude that the division between Right and Left is inaccurate, because both strive for the same - to prevent the monopolization of power by either the State or the Market.
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